England’s New World Experiments 1607‒1732

1. 2 England’s New World Experiments 1607‒1732

2. England’s New World Experiments, 1607‒1732 Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America Why did the Chesapeake colonies not prosper during the earliest years of their settlement? A “New” England in America How did differences in religion affect the founding of the New England colonies? 2.1 2.2

3. England’s New World Experiments, 1607‒1732 Diversity in the Middle Colonies How did ethnic diversity shape the development of the Middle Colonies? Planting the Southern Colonies How was the founding of the Carolinas different from the founding of Georgia? 2.3 2.4

4. Video Series:Key Topics in U.S. History • Beginnings of English Colonial Societies: 1607‒1660 • The Chesapeake • New England • Jamestown Home

5. Profit and Piety: Competing Visions for English Settlement • Native American attacks on settlements showed disunity • Seen differently by Chesapeake and Puritan leaders • Causes of competition and diversity • Different types of settlers Home

6. Breaking Away: Decisions toMove to America • The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth • Entrepreneurs in Virginia • Threat of Anarchy • Tobacco Saves Virginia • Time of Reckoning • Maryland: A Catholic Refuge Home

7. Breaking Away: Decisions toMove to America • Different motives for immigration • Religious • Economic • Personal • England in turmoil Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

8. The Chesapeake: Dreamsof Wealth • Richard Hakluyt • Colonies make great profit for investors • Free England from dependence on rival powers for valuable commodities • Anti-Catholicism prompted English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World • Patriotic Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

9. Entrepreneurs in Virginia • Joint-stock company • Reduced risk for individuals by sharing costs • Virginia Company • 1606 – King James issued first Virginia charter • Jamestown settled in 1607 • Search for instant wealth • Disease and starvation Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

10. Threat of Anarchy • John Smith imposed order • Background • Leadership role • Seized control of ruling council - 1608 • London Company reorganized • Had received no returns on investment • 1609 - new charter Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

11. Threat of Anarchy (continued) • Continued failure for Virginia Company • New settlers and supplies run aground • 1609‒1610 - the “starving time” • Conflict with Powhatan • By 1616, still no profit for investors Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

12. Tobacco Saves Virginia • John Rolfe introduced tobacco • Milder than grown in West Indies • Profitable • 1618 - Reforms of Edwin Sandys • House of Burgesses • Headright system • Urged diversification of economy Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

13. Time of Reckoning • Population did not increase • Imbalanced sex ratio • Contagious disease killed settlers • Indentured servants • Corrupted system • Treated poorly • Who to blame? • Virginia Company Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

14. Maryland: A Catholic Refuge • Catholic beginnings • Sir George Calvert – Lord Baltimore • Created sanctuary for English Catholics • Set up aristocracy social system • Ruling class • Not successful • Protestants seized control in 1655 • “Act concerning Religion” • Did not tolerate Catholics Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

15. Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

16. Discussion Question • Why did the Chesapeake colonies not prosper during the earliest years of settlement? Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

17. A “New” England in America • The Puritan Migration to Massachusetts • “A City on a Hill” • Competing Truths in New England • Mobility and Division Home

18. A “New” England in America • Pilgrims • Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England • 1620 ‒ Plymouth founded • Mayflower Compact • William Bradford and Squanto • 1691 – absorbed into Massachusetts Bay A “New” England in America

19. The Puritan Migration to Massachusetts • Puritans • Worked within the Church of England • Wanted to eliminate remaining vestiges of Catholicism • John Winthrop • Future governor • Felt time for reform running out A “New” England in America

20. How Did English Colonization Transform Eastern North America? • Where did English settlers expand—and Native Americans suffer territorial losses—in North American during this period? • In what ways did English expansion face competition form its European rivals? • How did the Iroquois Confederacy change over this time? A “New” England in America

21. A “New” England in America

22. “A City on a Hill” • 1630 - Puritans settled in Massachusetts • Great Migration – 1630s • Characteristics of settlers • Common sense of purpose • Covenant with God • Congregationalism • Town was center of Puritan life A “New” England in America

23. A “New” England in America

24. A “New” England in America

25. Competing Truths in New England • General Court • Colonial legislature • Lawes and Liberties - 1648 • Puritans lacked religious toleration • Supported own form of worship only • Roger William - extreme separatism • Anne Hutchinson - antinomianism A “New” England in America

26. Mobility and Division • New Hampshire - 1677 • Separated from Massachusetts Bay • Connecticut - 1636 • Early settlements • Thomas Hooker • Fundamental Orders • 1662 - king granted a charter A “New” England in America

27. Mobility and Division (continued) • New Haven - 1638 • Led by Theophilus Eaton and Reverend John Davenport • Did not prosper - absorbed by Connecticut • Rhode Island - 1636 • Roger Williams - Providence • Toleration, but much infighting • 1663 - king granted a charter A “New” England in America

28. A “New” England in America

29. Discussion Question • What role did differences in religion play in the founding of the New England colonies? A “New” England in America

30. Diversity in the Middle Colonies • Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson • Confusion in New Jersey • Quakers in America • Penn’s “Holy Experiment Home

31. Diversity in the Middle Colonies • Middle colonies settled for different reasons • New York – economic for Duke of York • Pennsylvania – Quaker sanctuary • New Jersey and Delaware • Common characteristics • Heterogeneous population • Diversity impacted institutions Diversity in the Middle Colonies

32. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry onthe Hudson • Dutch most aggressive European traders • Largest merchant fleet • Rivalry with Spain led to New World interest • New Netherlands • Two settlements • First settlers were employees • Diverse and not united • 1664 - English took colony Diversity in the Middle Colonies

33. Diversity in the Middle Colonies

34. Diversity in the Middle Colonies

35. Confusion in New Jersey • New Jersey split off from New York • Given to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret • Berkeley split colony • Reunited in 1702 as single royal colony Diversity in the Middle Colonies

36. Quakers in America • Quakers • Derogatory term – “tremble at the word of the Lord” • Members called sect “Society of Friends” • No need for a formal ministry • Practiced humility in daily lives • Spread “truth” Diversity in the Middle Colonies

37. Penn’s “Holy Experiment” • William Penn – charter for Pennsylvania • Bought Delaware from New Jersey proprietors • “Holy Experiment” • Society run on Quaker principles • Balance of power between rich and poor • Charter of Liberties • Promoted colony • Land sales and taxes • People poured in Diversity in the Middle Colonies

38. Diversity in the Middle Colonies

39. Discussion Question • How did ethnic diversity shape the development of the Middle Colonies? Diversity in the Middle Colonies

40. Planting the Southern Colonies • Founding the Carolinas • Founding of Georgia Home

41. Planting the Southern Colonies • Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake • Diversity of settlers and environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake Planting the Southern Colonies

42. Founding the Carolinas • Charter for Carolinas • Granted by Charles II in 1663 • Settlement • 1670 - first settlers arrived • Charles Town established • Political problems • Planters • Former Barbados residents • Needed profitable crop Planting the Southern Colonies

43. Planting the Southern Colonies

44. Planting the Southern Colonies

45. Founding of Georgia • 1732 - Georgia founded • James Oglethorpe’s ideas • Strategic purpose - buffer zone • Charitable purpose • Originally rum and slaves prohibited • Landowning capped initially • 1751 - became royal colony Planting the Southern Colonies

46. Table 2.1 England’s Principal Mainland Colonies Planting the Southern Colonies

47. Discussion Question • How was the founding of the Carolinas different from that of Georgia? Planting the Southern Colonies

48. Conclusion: Living with Diversity • All colonies faced early struggle to survive • Often hostile environment • Interactions with Native Americans • Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period • Economic and religious motives • Diversity of settlers