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Winter Strategies for Birds in New Zealand

Learn how birds in New Zealand cope with the challenges of winter through migration, increasing feather mass, vasoconstriction, and more.

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Winter Strategies for Birds in New Zealand

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  1. Photo: Craig McKenzie Brought to you by Fruzio Winter Course prepared by Sarah Jamieson for BirdsNew Zealand www.osnz.org.nz with funding from T/GEAR (a New Zealand Charitable Trust). All photos are from www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz, unless otherwise noted. Slides can be customized to meet audience needs, provided the content and branding remain unchanged. Peter Reese

  2. Brought to you by Fruzio Challenges • Lower temperatures • Foodavailability • Unpredictable climate/food A Small Problem! Strategies for Coping • Migration • Increased feather mass • Fluff up feather • Skin exposure • Vasoconstriction • Countercurrent exchange system • Tucking bits and bobs • Roosting behaviour • Energy storage Winter Peter Reese Photo: Glenda Rees

  3. www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bird_in_Snow.jpg Brought to you by Fruzio Winter

  4. Winter Brought to you by Fruzio June Peter Reese December

  5. Brought to you by Fruzio Winter Peter Reese

  6. Challenges of Winter Brought to you by Fruzio • Lower temperatures http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/meanairtemp

  7. Photo: Craig McKenzie Photo: Quentin McKay Challenges of Winter Brought to you by Fruzio • Food availability Peter Reese

  8. Photo: Craig McKenzie Photo: Quentin McKay Challenges of Winter Brought to you by Fruzio • Food availability Source: O'Donnell & Dilks 1994. NZ J Ecol 18: 87-107.

  9. Photo: Craig McKenzie Photo: Quentin McKay Challenges of Winter Brought to you by Fruzio • Food availability Source: O'Donnell & Dilks 1994. NZ J Ecol 18: 87-107. Source: O'Donnell & Dilks 1994. NZ J Ecol 18: 87-107.

  10. Brought to you by Fruzio Source: O'Donnell & Dilks 1994. NZ J Ecol 18: 87-107. Photos: Rebecca Bowater, Alan Tennyson,Ormond Torr, Cheryl Marriner, Art Polkanov Peter Reese

  11. Challenges of Winter Brought to you by Fruzio • Unpredictability Wellington Dunn. 2010. Coastal Storm Activity along the Eastern North Island of NZ-East Cape to Wellington  (Doctoral thesis, Univ. of Waikato).

  12. Brought to you by Fruzio Peter Reese Photo: Raewyn Adams

  13. Photo: www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/cutestuff/5459838/Three-chilled-fantails-come-in-from-the-storm Challenges of Winter Brought to you by Fruzio

  14. Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio

  15. = Height x Width x # of sides = 1cm x 1cm x 6 sides = 1cm2 x 6 = 6cm2 Surface Area (SA) Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio 1cm 1cm 1cm

  16. = Height x Width x # of sides = 1cm x 1cm x 6 sides = 1cm2 x 6 = 6cm2 Surface Area (SA) Volume (Vol) = Height x Width x Depth = 1cm x 1cm x 1cm = 1cm3 Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio 1cm 1cm 1cm

  17. = Height x Width x # of sides = 1cm x 1cm x 6 sides = 1cm2 x 6 = 6cm2 Surface Area (SA) Volume (Vol) = Height x Width x Depth = 1cm x 1cm x 1cm = 1cm3 Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio 1cm 1cm 1cm SA : Vol = 6 : 1

  18. 3cm 3cm 3cm Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio SA : Vol = 6 : 1 1cm 1cm 1cm

  19. 3cm SA : Vol = 6 : 1 3cm 3cm Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio 1cm 1cm SA = H x W x # of sides = 3cm x 3cm x 6 sides = 54cm2 1cm

  20. 3cm SA : Vol = 6 : 1 3cm 3cm Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio 1cm 1cm SA = H x W x # of sides = 3cm x 3cm x 6 sides = 54cm2 1cm Vol = H x W x D = 3cm x 3cm x 3cm = 27cm3

  21. 3cm SA : Vol = 6 : 1 3cm 3cm Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio 1cm 1cm SA = H x W x # of sides = 3cm x 3cm x 6 sides = 54cm2 1cm Vol = H x W x D = 3cm x 3cm x 3cm = 27cm3 SA : Vol = 54 : 27 or 2 : 1

  22. SA : Vol = 2 : 1 Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio SA : Vol = 6 : 1 Relative to its volume, the little bird has 3x more area exposed to the cold! It will need to eat more per volume to fuel its thermoregulation.

  23. Photo: Dick Porter Surface Area : Volume Brought to you by Fruzio

  24. Photo: Tony Whitehead Winter Strategies Brought to you by Fruzio 1) Migration

  25. Photo: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/feather Photo: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/feather Winter Strategies Brought to you by Fruzio 2) Increase feather mass

  26. Photo: Philip Griffin Photo: Sabine Bernert Winter Strategies 3) Fluff up feathers Brought to you by Fruzio Peter Reese

  27. Photo: Ian Armitage Photo: Glenda Rees Photo: Craig McKenzie Photo: Ormond Torr Winter Strategies 4) Little exposed skin Brought to you by Fruzio

  28. Photo: Ian Armitage Photo: Glenda Rees Photo: Craig McKenzie Photo: Ormond Torr Winter Strategies 4) Little exposed skin Brought to you by Fruzio

  29. Photo: Sarah Jamieson Winter Strategies 5) Vasoconstriction Brought to you by Fruzio

  30. Cold Day Warm Day Photo: Sarah Jamieson Photo: Sarah Jamieson Winter Strategies 5) Vasoconstriction Brought to you by Fruzio

  31. Cold Day Warm Day Photo: Sarah Jamieson Photo: Sarah Jamieson Winter Strategies 5) Vasoconstriction Brought to you by Fruzio

  32. Artery Vein Photo: Sarah Jamieson Winter Strategies 6) Countercurrent exchange system Brought to you by Fruzio

  33. Body Artery Artery heat transfer Vein Vein Foot Photo: Sarah Jamieson Winter Strategies 6) Countercurrent exchange system Brought to you by Fruzio

  34. Body Artery Artery 32 C° 15 C° 5 C° 28 C° 10 C° 1 C° heat transfer Vein Vein Foot Photo: Sarah Jamieson Winter Strategies 6) Countercurrent exchange system Brought to you by Fruzio

  35. Photo: Glenda Rees Winter Strategies 7) Tucking bits and bobs Brought to you by Fruzio

  36. Photo: www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/cutestuff/5459838/Three-chilled-fantails-come-in-from-the-storm Winter Strategies 8) Roosting-Social Brought to you by Fruzio

  37. Photo: Sarah Jamieson Winter Strategies 9) Roosting-Location Brought to you by Fruzio

  38. Photo: Glenda Rees Winter Strategies 10) Eat more Brought to you by Fruzio In winter, Rifleman • spend more time foraging • less competition • slower moving prey Lill. 1991. Austr J Zool39: 643-654. Peter Reese

  39. Fat Stores 2x fatter in winter than in summer Coleman & Robson. 1975. Proc NZ Ecol Soc 22: 7-13. Craig McKenzie Craig McKenzie Photo: Ormond Torr Winter Strategies 11) Storing energy Brought to you by Fruzio

  40. Cache Fat Stores 2x fatter in winter than in summer When fed, cached 40% of worms Alexander et al. 2005. Notornis 52: 138-42. Coleman & Robson. 1975. Proc NZ Ecol Soc 22: 7-13. Craig McKenzie Craig McKenzie Photo: Ormond Torr Winter Strategies 11) Storing energy Brought to you by Fruzio

  41. Brought to you by Fruzio Fat Stores Cache Extra energy in times of need   Craig McKenzie

  42.    Brought to you by Fruzio Fat Stores Cache Extra energy in times of need Extra BM = poorer flight =increased predation risk Craig McKenzie

  43.     Brought to you by Fruzio Fat Stores Cache Extra energy in times of need Extra BM = poorer flight =increased predation risk Extra BM = extra energy to carry and maintain it Craig McKenzie

  44.       Brought to you by Fruzio Fat Stores Cache Extra energy in times of need Extra BM = poorer flight =increased predation risk Extra BM = extra energy to carry and maintain it Risk of loss? Craig McKenzie

  45. Photo: Alan Tennyson Winter Strategies 11) Storing energy Brought to you by Fruzio

  46. Photo: Andrew Digby Brought to you by Fruzio Conservation Course prepared by Sarah Jamieson for BirdsNew Zealand www.osnz.org.nz with funding from T/GEAR (a New Zealand Charitable Trust). All photos are from www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz, unless otherwise noted. Craig McKenzie

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