Chapter 24 The Building of European Supremacy

1. Chapter 24 The Building of European Supremacy Population Trends and Migration Number of Europeans rose to 447 million by 1910 - then - birth and death rates declined or stabilized and began to slow in DEVELOPED countries while increasing in underdeveloped nations Migration was result of: Emancipation of peasants Railways, steamships and better roads made travel easier and cheaper Cheap land and better wages Europeans moved to other continents relieving social and population pressures

2. First Industrial Revolution - England took the lead Second Industrial Revolution - Belgium, France and Germany increased production of heavy industries. German steel passed England by 1893. Emergence of Germany was major fact of European economic and political life by 1900 NEW INDUSTRIES ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES Railway systems spurred economic growth 1st - textiles, steam and iron 2nd Steel - Bessemer process Chemicals - Solway allowed recovery of chemical by-products - sulfuric acid, laundry soap, dyestuffs and plastics  direct link between chemicals and industrial development, Germany took the lead with research and education electricity - energy delivered anywhere. Daimler invents combustion engine - car  Oil - automobile and chemical use of petro demand for oil 1850 - 1900 not uninterrupted or smooth economic growth Bad weather and foreign competition affected farming resulting in lower consumer food prices - forced people to emigrate from rural areas Banks failed and capital investment slowed but standard of living in industrial nations improved due to real wages. Pockets of unemployment and terrible working and living conditions = strikes and labor unrest = unions Consumer goods were answer. Lower food prices = more money to spend on goods = stores catalogues

3. Rise of the Middle Class After the 1848 revolts, the Middle Class ceased being revolutionary force and wanted to protect possessions - set society’s values Became Diverse  Upper Middle Lower White Collar Petite Bourgeoisie Bank owners Engineers shopkeeper Business owners Architects Salesmen Commerce Chemists Teachers Krupp Family Accountants Nurses Only a few hundred Dentists Managers - secretaries Had country homes rented apartments or private homes 10 servants spent 50 % income on 1 maid on food and servants clothes conscious went to church Education, music No drinking, gambling Travel was important Sexual purity, loyal to partner Furniture, pianos books City Life in the Second Industrial Revolution Social tensions among the various middle class groups did exist

4. Working Class Physical Laborers - No Servants Highly skilled Printers Masons, Construction bosses, Foremen, made Science and musical instruments, Cabinet makers, potters, jewelers Earned $500.00 per year Semi- skilled Factory workers, machine tenders, carpenters, bricklayers, pipefitters Earned $7.00 a week Unskilled Dockworkers, teamsters, street vendors, domestic servants, “sweated industries Earned 5.00 per week Drinking did decline because Middle Class made it socially unacceptable Gathered in Cafes, pubs and taverns Watched spectator sports like racing and soccer Went to music halls to see vaudeville Urban migration = poor housing, hostility between levels and unemployment. Had trouble mixing socially, anti-Semitism.

5. Redesigning Cities • Centers of business, government and stores, opera houses • Haussmann • Characteristics: • Tore down lower class housing • Broad Streets lined with trees • Parks and open spaces - Opera created public service jobs or jobs with private construction co. • Public buildings • Zoning laws brought Sewers and Aqueducts • Department Stores and apartments replaced Commune • Horse drawn street cars • Subways and railways moved middle class to better housing in suburbs. Moved from high rent and urban congestion • Eiffel Tower • Sacre Coeur Sanitation Cholera led to reform hit all social classes - miasmas clean up cities Chadwick- Sanitary Idea No drainage or garbage collection disease Results : Water and sewage, gas mains, concrete Mortality rates  Expanded government role  Public Health Act  Melun Act Emminent Domain C. Bacterial Revolution Disease is not caused by bad air but by bacteria Pasteur - Germ Theory Koch - Culture of Bacteria - vaccinations Jenner - Small pox Lister - Used antiseptics to clean wounds Housing Middle Class shocked by living conditions of the poor = Housing reform Believed: Good living conditions = good values and good family life Alleviated social and political unrest Save and invest in homes would give lower class same values as them Result : Private philanthropists took charge Low interest rates Cheaper housing projects Housing was political issue government legislation

6. Problems Women faced Property Rights: Married women could not own property in their names and more women stayed at home as wages for men of all social classes increased Reform was slow 1882 Married Women’s Property Act Family Law: Women were to give “obedience” to husbands Divorce was difficult - by 1880s could get divorced had to prove adultery, extramarital sex was a double standard Contraception and abortion were illegal Education: Less access than men and education was inferior, % of illiterate women exceeded men Universities reserved for men until late 1880s, early 1900s Educated men feared educated women would take their jobs Many women hesitated to support feminism because stereotypes were so ingrained

7. Employment Patterns • Jobs opened up outside professions requiring low skills therefore low wages. [government jobs, department store clerks, secretaries, telephone operators, more teachers] • Married women withdrew from the work force • Employers favored young unmarried women • Men’s wages went higher • Better health conditions meant men were living longer - less widows • Middle class values made it acceptable for women to stay at home. Made a family look wealthy

8. Middle Class Woman HOME LIFE was as wife and mother because home was a man’s refuge Not included in husband’s business life like before Leader of consumer goods Enjoyed sex, had less children to enjoy comforts RELIGIOUS LIFE Took on charitable and social works for lower classes through religious institutions Attended mass, made sure children got religious education, prayer was part of live But - reliance on priests made women appear Conservative and pliable to the influence of priests Working Class Woman Was single or young At the mercy of the “putting out” system and condition in sweated shops were horrible. At the mercy of the market, demand determined employment PROSTITUTION Paris - 155,000 legal, 750,000 suspected Was a viable alternative to the working class. Even though it was shunned by middle class, there was a double standard. Middle class appeared monogamous but were promiscuous. Thought of wife in terms of money, family and social status but purchased affection of the lower classes The Cult of Domesticity Prostitution and Poverty Unskilled working family with no skill or education

9. Kinship Ties and Childrearing Newlyweds lived near parents in a neighborhood Families helped with sickness, unemployment, old age and death Relatives lent support and money during tragedies For poor, elderly moved in to cook, watch children, share Sunday meals Childrearing Growing love and concern for children, emotional bonds and sacrifice for child increased as infant mortality decreased Mothers breastfed their child Books on childrearing and hygiene [Droz, fathers should be involved] Fewer illegitimate babies left at founding homes because pregnancy meant marriage Swaddling stopped Limited size of family to take care of the ones they had so birthrate declined Well-educated middle class became concerned with music lessons, summer vacations, travel and dowries Concern caused pressure on children

10. Opposed Women’s Vote because women would vote for conservatives Socialists were weird Women were worried about their social class and $$$$ Nationalism would win over feminism for most women Women were divided over peaceful or violent tactics • Feminists • Political action - VOTE •  John Stuart Mills- utility and efficiency •  Millicent Fawcett - show respectability to get vote • The Pankhursts - used violence • Made gains in Socialist Germany The Suffragettes OVERALL Ownership - property and wages belonged to men 1882 Married Woman’s Property Act let women own property in their name (G.B.) Education was less available and inferior to a man C. Family law - divorce was hard for a woman, had to prove cruelty and injury. Children were the property of the husband and there was a double standard for adultery

11. By 1800, Jews began to gain rights close to equal citizenship, except for Russia After 1848, Germany, Italy Belgium gave Jews full citizenship. 1858 - Jews could sit in Parliament 1867 - Austria-Hungary gave Jews full legal rights Jews entered professions that had been closed to them before, participated in literary and cultural life, became leaders in science and education. They became members of cabinets and liberal political parties, especially socialists In 1880s and 1890s, this feeling of security began to erode due to economic depressions that many associated with Jewish Bankers Some Jewish leaders turned to Zionism but most felt they would be safe under liberal, legal protection Zionism

12. Engels’ First International Membership Card

13. The German Social Democratic Party

14. The Bolshevik Revolution