Frugal Innovations & Standardisation

1. ITU Workshop on “ICT Innovations in Emerging Countries” (Geneva, Switzerland, 18th September 2013) Frugal Innovations &Standardisation Ajay RanjanMishra*, Prof JaideepPrahbu** *Chairman, FG Innovations, ITU **Head of Marketing, JBS, Cambridge Univ, UK

2. Impact of Standardization • Standards contribute at least as much as patents to economic growth • The macroeconomic benefits of standardization exceed the benefits to companies alone

3. Case Studies – Standards Impacting GDP GERMANY: Between 1961 to 1990 capital contribution is 1.6 percentage points per annum while the standards contribute 0.9 percentage points per annum towards a growth rate of 3.3%, while here the contribution from patents is modest. UK: Growth in the standards ‘catalogue’ over the period 1948 - 2002 contributed about 13% (one seventh) of the growth in labour productivity in the UK experienced over that period. GDP grew by 2.5% per year over that period. Of course innovations played an important role in these figures. CANADA: Study over a period of 1981-2004 showed that standardization accounted for 17 per cent of the growth rate in labour productivity which translates into approximately 9 per cent of the growth rate in real GDP. Australia: Over the 40 years to 2002, a 1 percent increase in the number of Australian Standards is associated with a 0.17 per cent increase in productivity across the economy. These figures are far higher to that of UK/ Europe etc

4. Innovations: Insights from GII INSEAD Business schools “Global Innovation Index” rates following top ten countries as innovation hotbeds. 1. US, 2. Germany, 3. Sweden, 4. UK, 5. Singapore, 6. South Korea, 7. Switzerland, 8. Denmark, 9. Japan, 10. Netherlands The study takes into account following factors: Institutions, Human capacity, Infrastructure, Markets and Business sophistication

5. Innovations to $: Case Study Kenya

6. Innovations to $: Case Study Kenya • There are approximately 60 million mobile money users in the world - almost one in three is a Kenyan. • Half of all mobile money transactions are taking place in Kenya where annual transfers are now around US$ 10 billon • The emerging social and economic impact has been remarkable. • Shop-owners don’t need to carry a lot of cash, or to stand in long queues at Banks to transfer money to suppliers. • Urban dwellers no longer need to make overnight trips to their rural homes to pay their children’s school fees (or give money to relatives). • Women have been empowered because their husbands have a harder time taking their money away. • Even macroeconomic policy has become easier because the Central Bank has a better handle on the money in circulation, as mobile money helped to move cash from the mattresses to the market

7. Why MPESA was a failure outside Kenya? REGULATORY: First, Kenya’s regulators enabled the mobile money take-off. The Central Bank in particular played a very progressive role and allowed “regulation to follow innovation”, while reassuring the market of its oversight. OPERATOR: Second, the strategy of the omnipresent operator – Safaricom – was also important – ihas more than 50% market share. STRATEGY – FOCUS PEOPLE MANAGEMENT: Safaricom’s management understood that the success of M-PESA was ultimately about people management, not technology. Many innovations fail because management focuses exclusively on designing and launching a product, and assume that technology will take care of itself afterwards. The opposite is true. You need people to run machines and the interactions you get after product launch can generate even better products. The true secret of M-PESA’s success is the management of the agent network, which grew from 300 initially to almost 30,000 today.

8. Analysis & Conclusion None of the developing countries come in top 10 though developing countries are considered places where innovation is happening 10% increase in connectivity leads to~1% growth in GDP Why is not there a more growth in GDP with connectivity?