Rome

1. Rome

2. Chronology of Rome PaxRomana (27BCE – 180 CE) 250 CE 500 CE 250 BCE 500 BCE 1 CE Republic Begins Caesar is Dictator 47– 44 BCE The Rise Of Roman Empire 14 -180 CE 12 Tables Struggle of the Orders 471-287 BCE Punic Wars 264-146 The fall Of Rome The spread Of Christianity 325 – 500 CE Decline and fall Of the Roman Republic 133-31 BCE The Age Of Augustus 31 BCE – 14 CE Expansion of Empire

3. Geography of Rome • Centrally located in the Mediterranean • Protected by the Alps to the North • On a Peninsula – surrounded on 3 sides by sea • On the Tiber River

4. Geography of Rome • Centrally located in the Mediterranean • Protected by the Alps to the North • On a Peninsula – surrounded on 3 sides by sea • On the Tiber River THE ALPS ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Tiber River Adriatic Sea * ROME MEDITERRANEAN SEA Sicily * CARTHAGE

5. HOW DID ROME’S GEOGRAPHY IMPACT ITS DEVELOPMENT? IT WAS SURROUNDED ON 3 SIDES BY WATER, SO …. STRONG SEA TRADE DEVELOPED AND THE SEA PROVIDED PROTECTION IT HAD MOUNTAINS TO THE NORTH, SO…. THE MOUNTAINS PROVIDED PROTECTION FROM INVADERS IT WAS CENTRALLY LOCATED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, SO… IT BECAME A POWERFUL TRADE CITY The Etruscans and Greeks influenced the development of Rome. Etruscan engineering and metalworking was adopted. The Greeks taught the Romans how to grow grapes and olives.

6. Rome’s earliest form of government was a monarchy. Its kings were Etruscan. They were overthrown. Then, it became a Republic –which is a representative democracy. What is a democracy? It had a Senate (legislative body), Consuls (CEOS, commanded armies) and an Assembly (citizens).

7. At first, it only represented the Patricians. Who were the patricians? Wealthy landowners Then the Plebeians gained political rights and established their own senate called the Tribunes. Who were the Plebeians? Everyone else – 90 percent of the population Then the twelve tables became the law of Rome. Both plebeians and patricians were covered by the laws. The twelve tablesestablishedthat people were innocent until Proven guilty

8. Citizenship • Citizens were adult male landowners • All citizens were required to serve in the army for 10 years • Citizenship was offered to many non-Romans. Who was not allowed to be a citizen? Women and Slaves

9. The Roman Republic was a representative democracy? How was this different From Athenian Democracy? The Consuls were the CEOs of the government – they directed the military The Senate made the laws and the Assemblies recommended laws

10. Rome was constantly fighting its neighbors because its neighbors kept trying to invade. Rome won every battle because of its superior military. It didn’t set out to conquer the Italian Peninsula but it kept defeating invaders until Rome had control of the whole peninsula.

11. In 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage battled over Sicily. Carthage was a rival and wanted to control trade in the Mediterranean Sea. Carthage attacked Sicily and Rome went into its first battle with Carthage. This was called The Punic Wars.

12. Romeall three battles but the second war was nearly a toss-up. Carthage had a general named Hannibal who triedto invade Rome by surprise by taking his troops across the Mediterranean sea into Spain and up through the Alps. He won many battles But Rome won the second round In the third battle, Rome attacked and completely destroyed Carthage.

13. After the Punic wars, there were social problems in Rome as soldiers returned to Rome and there were no jobs. Slaves from Carthage went to work on the large estates putting the small farmers out of business. The unemployed settled in the city—urban poverty became a problem. Unemployment, poverty and an expanding lower class caused the decline of the Republican government. The first Triumvirate ruled Rome for a very short period of time. Triumvirate Means rule by three: Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey.

14. But the Senators were afraid of Caesar’s power. After Crassus died, Caesar then defeated Pompey. He then declared himself Dictator for life. What happened to the Republic and Democracy? The senators did not want to relinquish power to Caesar or any other leader. They assassinated Caesar on the Ides of March in 44 BCE

15. Caesar left no successor and Rome faced a civil war. Mark Antony and Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian battled for control of Rome. Octavian defeated Mark Antony and became the first emperor of Rome – He was called Caesar Augustus or “exalted one”

16. The 200 years that followed were called the PaxRomana. What does PaxRomana mean? It was a time of economic, political, and social stability. Augustus established a civil service, rule by law, common coinage and safe travel on the Roman roads. During this time, Rome expanded and conquered all of the civilizations around the Mediterranean sea and into Europe, Africa and Southwest Asia. It became a huge empire.

17. The Decline and Fall of Rome began 400CE (or AD) Economic problems Political problems Cost of defending Rome’s borders Not enough soldiers to was too high defend borders Currency was worthless because Mercenaries were hired Government used less and less silver in coins Invasions People didn’t want to serve the government

18. As Rome began to fall, the emperor Diocletian moved the capital From Rome to the East near Byzantium. Later Constantine would Name this new capital in the east Constantinople. He would also Be the first emperor to legalize Christianity. After that, Rome fell to invaders: Germanic tribes called Visigoths and Ostrogoths. The east continued as the Byzantine Empire.

19. Contributions of Rome Architecture: Arches, Domes, Pantheon Building and Engineering: Roman Roads, Colosseum, Aqueducts Language: Latin, Romance Languages Literature: Virgil’s Aenid Religion: Adoption of Christianity

20. 1. Upper class Romans in the Roman Republic were known as • a. Plebeians • b. Senators • c. Gladiators • d. Patricians • 2. Lower class citizens where known as • a. Plebeians • b. Patricians • c. Slaves • d. Tribunes • 3. The lawmaking body of the Roman Republic was • a. Tribunes • b. Estates general • c. Parliament • d. Senate

21. 4. Representatives who were elected to represent plebeians in the Roman Republic were: • a. Senators • b. Tribunes • c. Vetoes • d. Pages • 5. The first codification of Roman Laws was called: • a. The twelve tables • b. Law of nations • c. Ten Commandments • d. Hammurabi’s code •  6. What Carthaginian general led his elephants over the Alps in the 2nd Punic War? • a. Octavian • b. Caesar • c. Hannibal • d. Phillip II

22. 7. Who were members of the first Triumvirate? • a. Crassus, Pompey and Octavian • b. Octavian, Leipidus and Mark Antony • c. Crassus, Pompey and Caesar • d. Crassus, Cleopatra and Caesar • 8. What Roman Dictator was named Dictator for Life bringing about an end to the Roman Republic? • a. Julius Caesar • b. Augustus Caesar • c. Nero • d. Mark Antony • 9. How did Julius Caesar die? • a. He was assassinated by his army • b. He was assassinated by Mark Antony • c. He was assassinated by members of the Senate • d. He was assassinated by his wife

23. 10. Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire • a. Julius Caesar • b. Octavian (Augustus) • c. Mark Antony • d. Pompey • 11. What was the 200 year era of peace in Rome called? • The first triumvirate • Paterfamilias • Latifundias • PaxRomana

24. Which of the following caused the decline and fall of Rome: Economic decline caused by inflation Not enough soldiers to protect the borders coupled with barbarian invasions c. Political instability caused by unstable emperors d. High taxes which were required because Rome had become a welfare state All of the above As the Western empire fell, the Eastern empire continued but was called: a. The Islamic Empire b. The Byzantine Empire c. The Ottoman Empire d. The Yuan Dynasty