FracWater Treatment for Recycling: Options and Alternatives; Their Benefits and Limitations 26th Annual Internationa

1. FracWater Treatment for Recycling:  Options and Alternatives;  Their Benefits and Limitations26th Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy ConferenceUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst Mass.      

2. Typical Horizontal Shale Well

3. Typical Shale Well Casing

4. Marcellus Shale Gas Development Waste Waters freshwater encountered during drilling Nominal Volumes water/clay mixture used as drilling mud during the drilling process 50,000 to 100,000 Gallons Per Well highly mineralized water held deep underground Varies return fluids from fracking –mixture of water, sand and chemicals 200,000 to 1,000,000 Gallons Per Well fluids that occur with the gas during production (Production Water) Varies (~~500 to 5,000 Gallons Per Week Per Well)

5. Focus of This Presentation10,000 Foot View Primary Focus – Treatment and Recycling of return fluids from fracking – mixture of water, sand and chemicals Referred to as FlowBack Water or Waste FracWater * * dependent upon company and “colloquial” perception Parallel – “Pit Water” – Water remaining after separation of water/clay mixture used as drilling mud during the drilling process

6. Contaminants of Interestin FlowBack Water Total Dissolved Solids – Discharge Limitations & Down Hole Saturation Sodium Chloride - Discharge Limitations & Down Hole Saturation Barium Chloride – HSE Hazard; Down Hole Precipitation Strontium Chloride – HSE Hazard; Down Hole Precipitation Calcium Chloride - Down Hole Precipitation Manganese - Down Hole Precipitation Iron - Down Hole Precipitation Sulfates - Down Hole Precipitation VOC’s – HSE Hazard; Fracking Chemical Interference Bacteria – Storage and Reuse Issues Fracing Chemistry

7. Treatment and Recycling “Drivers” New Pa. Point Discharge Regulations Strict TDS Limitations Focused on Shale Drilling Waste Water Treatment (500 mg/l maximum) Logistics Fracking Operations Require 600 to 1200 tankers per well Economics Trucking Costs for Hauling Fresh and Waste Water Public relations Trucking Cumulative Impacts; Water Shed Stresses; Community Perceptions

8. Most Common FlowBack Water Treatment Technologies* Evaporation Precipitation of Metals and Anions Ozonation for Metals, VOC and Bacteria Removal Carbon Absorption for VOC Removal Ultraviolet Radiation for Bacteria Removal Flocculation and Filtration Sedimentation Deep Well Injection * May also be utilized with Pit Water

9. FlowBack Water Treatment Logistical Options * Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants Special Permits Sedimentation Precipitation, Oxidation and Dilution Brick and Mortar Plants Sedimentation Evaporation Metals Precipitation Carbon Absorption Mobile Processors Evaporation Metals Precipitation Ozonation or Carbon absorption Semi Permanent Systems (Serves Single Company “Five” Mile Radius of Operations) Evaporation Metals Precipitation Ozonation or Carbon absorption * May also be utilized with Pit Water

10. Logistical Options Benefits and Limitations

11. Municipal Wastewater Plants Benefits Existing Infrastructure and Permitting Compliance Controls Financial Benefit to Communities May be Ideal for Long Term Processing associated with Production Waters (Limited Volumes) Limitations Cumulative Trucking Impacts Limited Number New Pa. Regulations Severely Limit Capacity Limited Capability for Treatment of Elevated Concentrations of Metals

12. Brick and Mortar Plants Benefits High Throughput Capacity Stationary Environmental Control Infrastructure Ideal for Long Term Processing associated with Production Waters Options for Treatment for Recycle and For Discharge Limitations Cumulative Trucking Impacts Community Perceptions Large Accumulation of Input and Waste Products Limited Number High Infrastructure Costs Built into Pricing Structure New Pa. Regulations Present Challenges for Discharge Options

13. Mobile Processors Benefits Mitigates Cumulative Trucking Impacts No High Infrastructure Costs Built into Pricing Structure Ideal for Onsite Treatment and Recycling Typically Modular Format Accommodates Varying Flow Requirements Permitting Managed On Well By Well Basis Limitations Well Site Footprint Requirements May Limit Available Space to Meet High Flow Rates Distributed Management and Control of Treatment Operations Requires Portable Environmental Control Infrastructure Frequent Mobilization Costs

14. Semi Permanent Systems Benefits Reduces Cumulative Trucking Impacts Modest Infrastructure Costs Built into Pricing Structure Ideal for Short Haul Treatment and Recycling No Long Term Environmental Legacy Issues Associated with Permanent Plant Eliminates Frequent Mobilization Costs Captive Cost Control and Environmental Management Limitations Requires Semi Portable Environmental Control Infrastructure Community Perceptions Large Accumulation of Input and Waste Products Periodic Relocation of Significant Operations

15. Treatment Technologies Benefits and Limitations

16. Function of Most Common FlowBack Water Treatment Technologies* Evaporation Total Dissolved Solids Reduction/Removal Sodium Chloride Reduction/Removal Precipitation w/ Separation Removal of Metals: Barium Chloride; Strontium Chloride; Calcium Chloride; Sulfates Ozonation Oxidation of Contaminants VOC’s; Bacteria; Manganese; Iron; – Carbon Absorption VOC Reduction UV Bacteria Removal Sedimentation Suspended Solids Recirculation Loops * May also be utilized with Pit Water

17. Evaporation Benefits Provides Pure Water for Recycling or for Return to Environment Suitable for All Logistical Options Well Understood Technology and Well Developed Equipment Supply Chain Limitations Cumulative Impacts Associated with Fossil Fuel Fired Evaporation Community Perceptions Plumes – What's in It Residual Solids May Require Hazardous Waste Disposal Due To Elevated Levels of Metals

18. Precipitation w/ Separation Benefits Provides Clear Brine w/o Metals Which is Suitable for Recycling Suitable for All Logistical Options Treatment Cost Competitive with Other Options Modestly Priced and Readily Available Raw Materials Potential for Controlled Precipitation to Provide “Products” from the residual Solid Waste Limitations Not Suitable for Treating Water for Return to Environment Community Perceptions What Chemicals Are Used Some Suppliers Require Significant Footprint on Well Site Some Suppliers Utilize Haz Mats as Raw Materials Residual Solids May Require Hazardous Waste Disposal Due To Presence of Haz Mats.

19. Ozonation Benefits Eliminates Problematic Trace Metals – Iron and Manganese Eliminates Bacteria from Frackwater Ponds Destroys VOCs (up to 0.5% concentration) Eliminates Organic Interferences with Fracking Chemicals Eliminates HSE Issues Minimal Treatment Cost Limitations Requires Co Processing with other Technologies for Control of Elevated Levels of Metals Limited Source of Service Suppliers (Licensed, Patented Technology) (AO3)

20. Carbon Absorption and UV Benefits Eliminates VOCs Eliminates Organic Interferences with Fracking Chemicals Eliminates HSE Issues Simple Implementation Method Limitations Requires Co Processing with other Technologies for Control of Metals May Result in Considerable Regeneration/ Replacement Costs with High VOC Upset Condition

21. Ultraviolet Radiation Benefits Eliminates Bacteria from Frackwater Ponds Destroys Some VOCs Minimal Treatment Cost Limitations Requires Co Processing with other Technologies for Control of Metals Sensitive to Particulate Matter High Levels of Bacteria Require Excessive treatment

22. Deep Well Injection Benefits One Way Disposal with Minimal Environmental Impact when Properly Applied Historical Most Common Treatment Method Very Cost Effective with Mitigation of Transportation Issues Limitations Minimal Proximate Locations – Cumulative Transportation Impacts Research Toward Development of Pa. Sites in Progress Community Perception Legacy Issues; NIMBY; Perceived Potential for Eruption from Cross Contamination of Proximate Old Wells

23. Recirculation Loops Benefits Optimizes Recycling Minimizes Trucking Very Cost Effective with Mitigation of Transportation Issues Limitations Environmental Exposure to Potential System Failures Recovered Volumes will soon exceed equilibrium with new wells’ requirements, leading to treatment of excess

24. Challenges to Treatment

25. Range of Contaminants and Contamination Contaminant Concentration in PPM Total Dissolved Solids - 38,500 => 238,000 Sodium - 10,700 => 65,100 Chloride - 26,400 => 148,000 Barium - 21 => 13,900 Strontium - 345 => 4,830 Calcium - 1,440 => 23,500 Manganese - 135 => 1,550 Iron - 21 => 180 Sulfates - 2.4 => 106 VOC’s - 35.3 => 1156 (=> 0.5%) Bacteria -

26. Range of Site Requirements

27. Competing Reactions and Residual Contaminants

28. Alternative Methods to Control Residual Contaminants

29. In A Perfect World Recirculation/Recycling Loops Where Environmentally Suitable Mobile or Semi Permanent Precipitation / Separation Processing of FlowBack Water for Recycling of the Water to Subsequent Fracs w/ Ozonation when Required Production of Saleable Byproducts from the Residual Precipitated Solids Production of Precipitation Raw Materials from Coal Mining Waste Waters (AMD) Evaporation of a Final FlowBack Concentrate in a Mobile Evaporator or at a Brick and Mortar Plant for Recycling or for Discharge Pretreatment of the FlowBack Concentrate Prior to Evaporation for Removal of Metals to Accommodate Reuse of the Residual Solids or Allow for Non Hazardous Disposal of the Solids Deep Well Injection of Concentrated Residual Solids / Sludge from the Evaporation Process if Not Usable Management of Long Term Production Waters in Brick and Mortar Treatment Plants

30. Thank YouFrank MillerPresident - Lake Country FracWater Specialists, LLC12 Mitchell Creek Rd., Tioga, Pa.Phone – 585-734-7474Fcmiller@FracWaterRecyclers.comhttp://fracwaterrecyclers.com