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Lab 6: Respiratory System

Lab 6: Respiratory System. Announcements. Extra Credit Assignment Extra Credit Quiz. Quick and Painless Review. Where is your thymus? What is the difference between lymph nodules and MALT? What is the difference between your lymph nodes and your spleen?. Respiration Overview.

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Lab 6: Respiratory System

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  1. Lab 6: Respiratory System

  2. Announcements • Extra Credit Assignment • Extra Credit Quiz

  3. Quick and Painless Review • Where is your thymus? • What is the difference between lymph nodules and MALT? • What is the difference between your lymph nodes and your spleen?

  4. Respiration Overview • Anatomy of the Respiratory System • Mathematics of the Respiratory System • How do you evaluate malfunctions in the respiratory system?

  5. Respiratory System • Respiratory System: Functions?

  6. Respiratory System • Respiratory System: Functions? • Receive air for breathing • Exchange gases (O2. CO2) with the blood • Expel modified air

  7. Schematic of Respiratory System

  8. Upper Respiratory Tract • Nasal Cavity • Guard Hairs • Mucous • Oral Cavity • Pharynx • Posterior to Nasal and Oral Cavities • Cleans Air • Intersection of Respiratory and Digestion

  9. Upper Respiratory Tract • Epiglottis- • Flap blocks food from entering the lower respiratory tract • Larynx • 9 plates of Cartilage • Large Chamber • Contains vocal cords

  10. Anatomy of the Larynx

  11. Anatomy of the Larynx • Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles in larynx pull the cartilage • This causes the cords to move • Males have thicker cords

  12. Functions of the Upper Respiratory Tract • Cleans air • Guard hairs • Mucus (MALT) • Cilia • Warms air • Moistens air

  13. Anatomy of the Lungs • Trachea • C-shaped cartilage • Mucociliary escalator • Primary Bronchi • Cartilage • Right wider than left • Secondary Bronchi • Tertiary Bronchi • More branches on right

  14. Mucociliary Escalator • Muscus- • Traps particles • Cilia- • Move particles up toward pharynx

  15. Lower Respiratory Tract • Bronchioles • Small – 1mm or less • No longer contain cartilage • Continue Branching • Terminal Bronchioles • Last passages before aveoli • Still have Cilia • Alveoli – where gas exchange occurs • Phagocytosis removes small particles

  16. Lower Respiratory Tract • Convey air to alveoli • Clean air and remove particles by mucociliary elevator • Macrophages in aveoli phagocytize foreign particles – last line of defense

  17. Dynamic Human Anatomy

  18. 1º Bronchi 2 º Bronchi 3 º Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Alveolus GAS EXCHANGE with Capillary Bed Airflow in the Lungs

  19. Mechanism of Airflow • Airflow is a result in changes of pressure between two systems • System 1: the outer atmosphere • System 2: the pressure within the alveoli • How does pressure change within the alveoli?

  20. Mechanisms of Airflow • How does pressure change within the alveoli? • Boyles Law: P  1/V (Changes in Volume result in changes in Pressure!!!!!) • How does volume change within the alveoli?

  21. Mechanism of Airflow • How does volume change within the alveoli? • Inspiration • The diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity during quiet inspiration • Deep inspiration is aided by the pectoralis minor, the sternocleidomastoid and the erector spinae muscles (external intercostals)

  22. Mechanism of Airflow • Expiration • Quiet Breathing: Volume changes are not caused by muscular contraction, rather the elasticity of the lungs and ribs • Deep expiration: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

  23. Alveolar Gas Exhange • O2 loads into RBC; CO2 unloads into the alveoli • Factors involved: • Concentration gradients • Solubility in H2O • Membrane thickness • Membrane area

  24. Alveoli

  25. Oxygen Transport and Carbon Monoxide • Oxygen is carried through the blood stream by hemoglobin • Carbon Monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200x better.

  26. Carbon Monoxide • Sources?

  27. Carbon Monoxide • Sources? • Car Exhaust • Cigarette Smoke

  28. Smoking Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer Over 2000 chemicals in tobacco smoke. • What gives the lung at the top its dark color?

  29. Carcinogens in Tobacco • Carcinogen: substance that increases the potential for tumor growth • 50 carcinogens in smoke (2 radioactive) eg.- Nicotine, Formaldehyde • Implicated in 90% of lung cancers

  30. Dynamic Human Mechanics of Breathing, Gas Exchange, and Carbon Monoxide

  31. Spirometry

  32. Spirometry • Respiratory volumes • tidal volume: air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath • inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort • expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort • residual volume: air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration, keeps alveoli inflated

  33. Spirometry Exercise • Each group is to measure one members tidal and expiratory reserve volume. • Record on front board, indicating gender. • After all groups are done, average total to get class average tidal and expiratory reserve volume and compare to known averages.

  34. Bronchioscopy • Flexible tube with camera attached • Used to identify blockages in bronchi and to biopsy tumors/growths

  35. Dynamic Human Spirometry and Bronchoscopy

  36. Asthma • Inflammation reaction in the lung caused by and allergen • Results in bronchoconstriction and sometimes suffocation

  37. Treatments for Asthma • Inhalers – daily or rescue • Albuterol • Vanceril • Pills - daily • Accolade • Singular • Injection or Nebulizer - rescue • Ephinedrine

  38. Human/Cow Trachea Primary Bronchi Lungs How many lobes? Larynx Epiglottis Cat Left and right lungs How many lobes? Trachea Primary Bronchi Larynx Gross Anatomy

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