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The Cold War

The Cold War. THE COLD WAR. The Division of Berlin. The Bipolarization of Europe. Iron Curtain Speech, 1946.

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War THE COLD WAR

  2. The Division of Berlin

  3. The Bipolarization of Europe

  4. Iron Curtain Speech, 1946 • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

  5. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  6. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application • Restorationof the balance of power Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan] Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia] • Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.

  7. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application • Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations. Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences. Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

  8. Foreign Policy Doctrines • The Truman Doctrine: Common name for Containment Policy. • First promulgated in an address to the US in 1947. Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary Truman Doctrine • Bush Doctrine: US should/can depose foreign regimes that represented a potential or perceived threat to security…even if that threat was not immediate. • ALSO: spreading democracy around the world (Middle East), combating terrorism; and a willingness to pursue U.S. military interests unilaterally. Bush Doctrine

  9. Aid at Home and Abroad:GI BILL & Marshall Plan • G.I. Bill: 1944 - provided college or vocational education for returning WWII Vets. • Also: one year of unemployment compensation. • Provided loans for homes & to start businesses.

  10. The Marshall Plan • Primary program, 1947–51, of the US for rebuilding and creating a stronger Europe. • The plan was established on June 5, 1947. • offered to USSR & Allied, but they did not accept it • US gave $13 billion in economic aid

  11. Berlin Crisis • The Berlin Blockade (June 1948 – May 1949) • the first major crisis of the Cold War • USSR blocked the Western Allies railway/road access to parts of Berlin. • USSR’s goal was to allow USSR to supply Berlin with food and fuel • Would give Soviets practical control over the entire city.

  12. Berlin Airlift • In response to the Crisis the Berlin Airlift (June ’48 – May ’49) • The RAF and USAF flew over 200,000 flights • Carried supplies to the people in West Berlin. • The Airlift humiliated the Soviets • Heightens tensions of the Cold War

  13. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance formed in April of 1949 It is an organization of collective defense member states agree to respond to an attack by any external party. Original members: Belgium Luxembourg Canada Netherlands Denmark Norway France Portugal Iceland United Kingdom Italy United States Add during the 1950s: Greece Turkey Germany NATO

  14. Election of 1948 Republicans Control Congress ELECTION Republican: Thomas Dewey – moderate Democrats Split: Harry S. Truman Strom Thurmond Versus

  15. Fair Deal • Min. Wage • Soc. Sec. • Clear Slums • Low Income Homes • TVA • But lost on… • Civil Rights • Nat’l Health Ins. • Repeal of Tariff • Fed aid to Education • Farm Incomes

  16. July 26, 1948 President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981 • Desegregates US military.

  17. Uh Oh!: 1949 • August, 1949 – Russia tests it’s first Atomic bomb. • October, 1949 – Mao Zedong takes power in China…Communism has spread. 1952 :: Hydrogen Bomb tested Much more powerful than the Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

  18. III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy (1949)- Mao Zedong leads Communist takeover in China (rival to Soviet Union) REACTION: Increased fears of communist domination U.S. spent $3 million in support of Nationalist, Chiang Kai-shek, only to have failed!

  19. NSC 68 • NSC-68: U.S. National Security Report, 1950 • Emphasizes Soviet aggression • Calls for massive U.S. military buildup “The U.S.S.R.’s desire for World Domination requires not only to this Republic but civilization itself take a stand” –NSC 68

  20. Warsaw Pact, 1955 Warsaw Treaty/Pact • Mutual defense treaty for 8 communist states in Eastern Europe • The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s response to West Germany joining NATO Members: Albania Hungary Bulgaria Poland Czechoslovak Republic Romania East Germany USSR

  21. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

  22. Korean War[1950-1953]

  23. TIMELINE • 1945 • Korea controlled by Japan • Soviets occupied the NORTH, America the SOUTH • The two halves were divided by the 38th Parallel • 1947 • elections held South… supported by the US • North Korea had own govt. backed by the Soviets • Both sides claimed to be the rightful rulers of Korea

  24. Korean War[1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

  25. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy Korean War (1950-1953): (June, 1950) Communist North Korea invades across the 38th parallel, attacking democratic South Korea Apply Cold War policy: What should be the main objective in the Korean War?

  26. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy U.N. troops (made up of 90% American) defend South Korea Troops led by Douglas MacArthur

  27. U.N. Security Council meets to discuss Korean Crisis • Who is accused of aiding the North Koreans? • What are some of the key questions before the U.N.?

  28. June 27th, 1950: U.N. reacts • General Douglas MacArthur • Pusan • Invades Inchon

  29. The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

  30. Mac Arthur on his own Mission • Communists China’s threat • Mac Arthur to the Yalu River • Back to the 38th parallel

  31. Who was correct: Truman or MacArthur? Why was MacArthur dismissed? April 1951 – MacArthur removed from position – replaced by General Omar Bradley

  32. Peace Talks • June 1951 • Panmunjon – 2 years • July 27, 1953 armistice • “Police Action”

  33. WHO WON???? S KOREA REMAINED ‘FREE’ Containment…did it work? Korea badly damaged Korea remains two separate states US troops still in Korea

  34. Casualties

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