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The Rise and Expansion of Islam

The Rise and Expansion of Islam. Ch. 8. Why study the Muslim World?. About one-fifth of the world’s inhabitants—more than one billion people are Muslims. Islam is the second most widely followed religion in the world today.

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The Rise and Expansion of Islam

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  1. The Rise and Expansion of Islam Ch. 8

  2. Why study the Muslim World? • About one-fifth of the world’s inhabitants—more than one billion people are Muslims. Islam is the second most widely followed religion in the world today. • The conflict between Muslims and Jews in modern times over land in Southwest Asia is rooted in this period. • The division of Islam into Sunni, Shi’ite, and Sufi branches that began under the Umayyads continues today. • Islamic scholars preserved the insights of the Greeks that continue to shape modern societies. • Algebra is the best known of many Muslim advances in Math. • Modern bank checks developed from letters of credit used by Muslim merchants.

  3. Links to Judaism and Christianity • Allah = God (same as worshiped in Christianity and Judaism • Muslims view Jesus as a Prophet, NOT the Son of God • Qur’an is the word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad • Similar to the Torah and the Gospels • ALL believe in Heaven and Hell, and a Day of Judgment • Trace ancestry to Abraham (similar to Jews and Christians) • Religious law extends religious tolerance to Christians and Jews

  4. The Arabian Peninsula before Muhammad • Nomadic traders occupy the region • Utilize camels to bring products from Mediterranean to Mesopotamia and back

  5. The Prophet Muhammad • Read p. 199-201 on Muhammad in Mecca • Write a bibliographic sketch of Muhammad’s life in 20 words or less

  6. Understanding the Five Pillars of Islam • In groups of two (2)… • Read the information in the textbook about one of the Five Pillars of Islam • Write a sentence or two that explains what the duty is… • Discuss how obeying that duty might make society stronger • Would this benefit our society that we live in today? • Be prepared to share your responses as a class!

  7. Why is Muhammad’s Death So Important? • Muhammad dies without leaving directions for the choosing of a new leader • Death of Muhammad leads to election of the first Caliph, or successor (tribal custom—elected--as he did not name a successor). • Abu-Bakr, loyal friend of Muhammad (Sunni, 632) • Oversees the compilation of the Quran • Abu-Bakr enforces a Jihad, or holy struggle against non-believers • Caliph system continues for next 3 successors • All students and followers of Muhammad and the Qur’an • Considered to be “rightly guided”

  8. Recap: Muhammad and the Five Pillars • Muhammad • Viewed as the prophet who received the word of Allah • Led Muslims on a Hijrah from Mecca to Medina to avoid persecution • Brought Muslims back to Mecca to establish the holy land of Islam • Five Pillars • Faith • Prayer • Alms • Fasting • Pilgrimage (Hajj)

  9. Muslim Expansion

  10. Why were the Muslim’s so successful at expansion? • Well disciplined army (Commanded by experts) • Northern empires (north of Arabia) facing difficulties • Welcomed by persecuted peoples under Byzantine or Sassanid rule (forced to support official state religion) • Islam offers equality and hope • Discrimination forced Muslims to move to cities (Medina) • Growth of urban social life • Treatment of Conquered peoples • Allowed to maintain their own religion • Voluntary conversion only, as prescribed by the Qur’an • Allowed to hold official jobs, offices, ect.

  11. What are the reasons for Conflict in the Islamic Empire? • 632 Muhammad dies • Four Rightly Guided Caliphs guide Islam until 661 • Umayyads come to power • Moves capital to Demascus (Syria) • Faced by resistance due to long distance to Mecca • Separation into two groups (p.271): • Sunni (followers of Muhammad’s example) • Shi’a (the party of Ali) • 750: Umayyads are overthrown by (Shi’a) rebel groups (Abbasids seize control)

  12. Refresher • ___________ is the messenger of Allah. (prophet) • Define: • Islam • Muslim • __________ is the holy land of Islam. • List the five (5) pillars of truth. • The holy book, or bible of Islam is known as the ____’____

  13. How does Islam Divide? • Abbasids take control of the empire (750) • Move capital to Baghdad, Iraq (750- 1258) • Control key trade routes • 1258 Power of Abbasids begins to decline with the • Difficulty of transportation and communication • Difficulty of control (vast empire) • Provincial regimes rise to power

  14. Sunni and Shi’a Split

  15. Women’s rights • Women retained the right to… • Own property • Divorce • Remarry • Testify in court • Go on pilgrimage • What is the purpose of the Hijab? Read Primary Source on “Hijab and Muslim Women”

  16. Bin Laden and al Qaeda • Sunni’s resist both American occupation and sectarian war in Iraq American presence angers Sunni • 1990: Bin Laden offers aid to Saudia Arabia to hold off Iraqi Military presence • Saudi Monarch refuses and allows U.S. to aid in military efforts • Bin Laden: thought presence of foreign troops in Mecca and Medina profaned the sacred soil

  17. Bin Laden and al- Qaeda • 1993: WTC Bombing (kills 6) • 1996: al Qaeda announces its jihad to expel foreign troops and interests from Islamic lands declares war on U.S. and allies. • 2001: Bin Laden believes the U.S. is actively oppressing Muslims • America is massacring Muslims in Palestine, Chechnya, Kashmir, and Iraq

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