The Rise and Expansion of Islam

1. Unit 2 The Rise and Expansion of Islam

2. Creation of The Islamic Religion • Islam • “submission to the will of Allah” • Muslim • “one who has submitted” • First Followers • Khadija and close friends • First sermons • Muhammad began preaching in Mecca • Drew criticism because people feared that monotheism would cause Mecca to lose pilgrims

3. Muhammad • Born in 570 AD • Married at 25 to Khadija • Religious revelation at 40 • Believed Angel Gabriel spoke to him • Mecca and Medina • Kicked out of Mecca for preaching • Converted the people of Medina to Islam • Defeated Mecca in 630 AD • Dies in 632

4. By 750 the Islamic Empire stretched from the Indus River to the Atlantic Ocean • Expanded north vs. weakened Byzantine Empire • Many conquered people accepted Islamic faith • Did not have to pay a tax placed on non-Muslims if they did • Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) ruled in the East • Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus(756-976) ruled in Spain • Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) ruled in North Africa • Division • Arose after the murder of Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad • Opposed by the Shi’a who had supported Ali • The Umayyad’s became known as Sunni • Sufi Muslims began as an opposition to both Division of Islam

5. Ottoman Empire • Orkhan I • Succeeded his father, Osman, as sultan • Conquered Adrianople from the Byzantine Empire • Ruled justly • Was kind to conquered people • Used system of local governments • Muslims – served in army but did not pay tax • Non Muslims – did not serve in army but did pay tax • Expansion Halted • Timur the Lame’s invasion • Defeated the Turks in 1402 at Battle of Ankara

6. What is the status of the islands of Crete and Cyprus in this map? What does this tell you about the Ottoman Empire’s military? Why is this an important distinction given the date this map depicts?

7. Ottoman Expansion Peaks • Sultan Mehmed II takes Constantinople (1453) • Selim the Grim takes Mecca and Medina (1510’s) • Suleyman the Great • Takes Belgrade, Tripoli, and parts of Austria and Hungary (1520’s) • Most powerful monarch on earth at that time • Had a splendid court and a well disciplined military • Post Suleyman • Ottoman Empire slowly decays until it ceases to exist after World War I

8. Mughal Empire • The Mughals • Mongol group that ruled India after defeating the Turks • Babur • Founder of Mughals • Brilliant general • Defeated the Turks • Victories began Mughal expansion into India

9. Mughal Empire • Akbar • Babur’s grandson • Ruled Mughal India from 1556 to 1605 • Military leader • Unified a population of 100 million people • Blended cultures • Married women who were not Muslim • Allowed freedom of religion • Abolished tax on non-Muslims • Had Jesuit missionaries teach his son • Bureaucratic government • Promoted art, literature, and architecture

10. Akbar’s successors • Jahangir • Allowed his wife, a Persian named Nur Jahan, to do most of the ruling • Attempted to make Islam the state religion of the Mughals • Son, Khusaru, rebelled against him and joined the Sikhs • Sikh’s blend teachings of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufi Islam • Jahangir targeted Sikhs for religious persecution • Shah Jahan – 2nd son and successor to Jahangir • Assassinated all rivals for the throne • Loved 2 things – beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal • Did a poor job managing a nation during famine and war Mughal Empire

11. The Taj Mahal Mumtaz died in 1631 after giving birth to their 14th child Jahan had the Taj Mahal built to honor her