Cold War

1. Cold War The USA emerges from the war an economic and military giant, and untouched by war damage. 1. US Policymakers hope to create a post-war world that would benefit US economy. a. The ideas of liberty/democracy would provide stability in a chaotic world The Soviet Union suffered significant war damage and loss of life, but has an enormous military 1. They feel they must maintain military/political control of the nations around them.

2. LEADERS Leadership in the 1st phase of Cold War (1940’s and 50’s) is dominated by unique personalities 1. Pres. Harry TrumanDem: 1945-1952: Politically experienced, but naïve on foreign policy. He will show surprising skill at foreign policy, but suffers from very weak popular support at home. 2. Pres. Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower: Repub. 1952-1960. One of the most important figures of World War II. He is less confrontational than Truman. He enjoys popular support in both terms.

3. LEADERs 3. Josef Stalin 1920’s-1953: Ruthless and paranoid. He had led USSR since late 1920's. Capable of unspeakable cruelty to his enemies…& friends. Millions of his own people die under Stalin’s rule USSR 4. Nikita Khrushchev 1955-1964: At times open to warming relations, but also moody, prone to anger, and very difficult for US leaders to read.

4. TENSION Soviet Union Communism One Party (no others allowed) Mad: Took U.S. 16 years to recognize USSR Allies invade earlier than 1944; distrust Atomic bomb was kept secret Wanted to strip Germany of possessions United States Free market Elected officials Mad: Nonagression Pact with Germany Stalin didn’t allow free elections in Poland Rebuild Germany; democracy for countries under Nazi control

5. GOALS Soviet Goals: 1. Suffered 20 million deaths 2. Vulnerable to attack from west (twice 30 years) 3. Country damaged from war 3. Needed friendly neighbors – Communists 4. Satellite countries - Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania 5. Seized assets like factories American Goals: 1.Wanted to spread democracy through Europe 2. Suffered 400,000 deaths from WWII 3. Homeland was not hurt 4. Wanted democracy in Germany 5. Wanted democracy in Poland and other Eastern European countries

6. MONEY and the COLD WAR D. The 1st events of the Cold War focus on money. 1946. USSR asks for aid to rebuild war damage, wants a $6 billion loan in 1/45 then reduced it to $1 billion later. The US, fearing communism and concerned with Soviet actions in East Europe, declines. 1. Stalin feels that the USSR shouldered much of the responsibility of fighting the war, so he publicly voices his displeasure with the US. He vows to build up his military even more. 2. The Soviets install Communist gov’ts in most of the nations of East Europe (areas they had captured back from German control). a. This is done against the wishes of the people in these nations (Poland, Hungary, etc). Due to the enormous Soviet armies there, the US can do nothing for fear of starting WWIII.

7. CONTAINMETN E. The US responds to Soviet actions with the foreign policy of “Containment” 1. George F. Kennan (State Dept). states that the USSR must be contained from expanding it's influence over world. It requires a "Counterforce" at various geographical/political points.

8. TRUMAN DOCTRINE 2. "Truman Doctrine" 1947. He feels the US should support "free peoples" who have to fight those pushing Communist ideals in their nation. -The doctrine locks US into "global policeman role", and worldwide disputes -$400 million to Greece and Turkey to keep out aggressive countries -Walter Lippmann called it the “strategic monstrosity” that could embroil the U.S. in conflict

9. MARSHALL PLAN 3. The Marshall Plan. “Containment” can be accomplished with economic power too! a. Western Europe is in ruins, it's gov'ts weak and vulnerable. Ripe for communism! b. Improving Western Europe would help prevent spread of communism and also boost US trade. c. $17 billion is distributed to 16 nations over 4 years. It helps stabilize West Europe.

10. NSC - 68 4. NSC 68 – shaped U.S. policy for 20 years; must increase defense spending from $13 billion to $50 Billion from 5% of budget to 20% of budget - Increased the role of the CIA to follow the moves of the Soviet Union

11. DIVISION OF GERMANY F. Occupied Germany sees the first dangerous clash of the Cold War. 1. It had been divided into zones of occupation after the war. The US, England and France had united their zones into a single economic entity…it will become "West Germany" a. The Soviets had made their section of Germany into a communist nation called East Germany

12. BERLIN AIRLIFT 2. Berlin, deep inside of East Germany, was also divided into 4 zones. In 1948, the USSR closes access to the western ‘free” zones of the city. Stalin’s actions risk WWIII. a. Without food/water/power, over 1 million citizens of West Berlin face starvation. b. Truman responds with the "Berlin Airlift"…supplying the besieged city from the air! The Soviets, facing worldwide criticism, lift the blockade after several months. - This episode frightens the people of Europe…who are still cleaning up form WWII!

13. NATO/Warsaw Pact G. 1949 sees the formation of NATO. An alliance of nations supporting the US and opposing the USSR. It is our first formal military ties with Europe since Revolutionary times. 1. An attack on any member would be considered an attack on the US, & be responded so 2. This is matched by the Warsaw Pact: Communist nations loyal to the Soviet Union.

14. NATO/Warsaw Pact http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/chimage.php?image=2008/2115/nato.jpg

15. CHINESE Communist Revolution H. 1949 sees our Cold War fears skyrocket. Why is this? 1. The Soviets explode their first atomic bomb 1949. We no longer hold an atomic monopoly. 2. 1949 China becomes Communist (and an ally of USSR). Mao Zedong, leader of the Chinese Communists, defeats the army of US- supported Chaing Kai Shek.

16. FEAR I. The Cold War will be the major effect on domestic affairs during Truman's terms. “The Red Scare” 1. Media-fed fears of communist spies in the US, cause Truman to create the "Federal Employee Loyalty Program" to search for spies in the gov’t. a. It investigated millions of fed employees, dismissing several hundred b. It also created a sense of paranoia, irresponsible investigating tactics c. Smith Act made it a crime to teach or forcibly overthrow the government

17. FEAR 2. Congress feeds public fears with McCarran Act (1950 – Truman vetoed), limiting rights of purported “commies” a. Arrest/Execution in 1953 of the Rosenbergs as communist spies (bomb secrets!) feed the frenzy.

18. SPIES 3. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) attacked the entertainment industry. Blacklisting those suspected of communist ties a. Hollywood Ten – refused to answer questions because of right to remain silent were sent to prison for 6 months to one year. b. The Alger Hiss Case is a major sensation. It brings Richard Nixon into spotlight. and supports those who say gov't has Communist spy problem - Documents found in a hallowed out pumpkin; perjury charges because espionage had expired; got 5 years and a $10,000 fine

19. McCarthyism 4. Sen. Joseph McCarthy (Wisc) feeds his career off of the public clamor for communist hunt. a. His power grows as few politicians wish to risk opposing him. Ike even defers. b. Televised hearings show McCarthy to be a fraud. By late 50’s the Red Scare slows down

20. EISENHOWER 2. Pres. Eisenhower'sdomestic policy is modest. He wants to limit the role of the President. 1952-1960 A. Eisenhower is forced, like Truman, to cope with the “Red Scare”. He privately disagrees with the tactics of people like McCarthy….but he does not publicly confront. B. Ike also has to cope with the burgeoning Civil Rights Movement

21. KOREA Korean War: 1950-1953. The Cold War erupts into a military conflict. A. The nation of Korea is divided at the end of WWII. North Korea is pro-USSR, South is Pro-USA B. Hoping to unify the nation under communism, NK attacks SK in summer of 1950. 1. The US sends military forces there, and gets the UN to commit troops to defend SK 2. Gen Douglas MacArthur (Bonus Army, Hero of WWII) leads the US/UN forces.

22. KOREA C. At first the NK forces drive the SK/UN forces back to the tip of Korean peninsula (Pusan) 1. A brilliant counterattack by MacArthur at Inchon totally reverses the war, and NK finds itself almost conquered by Fall of 1950. D. The Chinese enter the conflict in Dec 1950, and they drive the UN forces back close to the original dividing line…there the war turns into a bloody stalemate. 1. MacArthur becomes frustrated, and publicly questions Truman's resolve to win war; thinks U.S. should lead air strikes against the Chinese 2. Truman has to fire the popular general…the US people are fed up with Korean War & Truman!

23. KOREA http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm

24. KOREA WAR PEACE E. The frustrating war is the issue of the Election of 1952. Truces talks are ongoing, but not successful. 1. With the war as a key issue. Eisenhower wins, and promises to "go to Korea". He alsoprivatelythreatens to use atomic weapons on the Chinese..this motivates them to talk. F. A peace is called in 1953, and the war is over. 54,000 dead. Millions of Koreans die in the war. G. Lessons Learned. Korea was a limited war. We could not use all of our power (atomic) to win the war. Nukes on both sides mean disputes like this cannot be allowed to expand into total war. Military racial integration, first tried in this conflict, works. It will become the norm.

25. ROOTS of VIETNAM VIETNAM: Roots of conflict 1. Vietnam was a French colony; Japan conquered during WWII, wanted independence when war was over 2. France comes back; Ho Chi Minh had declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945; U.S. refused to recognize the new government 3. 1950 U.S. (Truman) recognized the French puppet government and by 1954 we were paying ¾ of the bill 4.1954 French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu and then at Geneva Conference the country was divided at the 17th parallel • Ho Chi Minh was leader of North Vietnam; Ngo Dinh Diem was the leader in the south 5. Eisenhower increased our presence in Vietnam by sending up to 675 advisors there by 1960

26. MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE EAST: Recognition of Israel 1948 Truman 1. Arab countries will invade Israel – Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq 2. 1967 and 1973 3. Eisenhower will • use CIA to overthrow leader in Iran • Condemned attack on Egypt by Israel, Great Britain, and France to settle dispute over Aswan Dam • Issues Eisenhower Doctrine – pledging support to any country resisting communism

27. LATIN AMERICA LATIN AMERICA: 1. Eisenhower will use CIA to overthrow communist regimes 2. He also had plans to invade Cuba

28. NUCS Nuclear Proliferation. After the Soviets get the bomb, we have to “one up” them. The “Arms Race” A. 1953 sees the US explode the powerful “hydrogen” bomb, the Soviets get it in 1953 also. B. Technological advances, pushed by the Arms Race, create milestones in the Cold War. a. Missiles: Both sides perfect the ICBM by 1960’s. Each side can now destroy the other. “MAD” b. Spying: The US uses the U-2 plane to take spy pictures of Soviet Union. In 1960, one is shot down in the Soviet Union. It is a major embarrassment for Ike, the US and the CIA. c. Space: the Soviets launch the first man-made satellite “Sputnik” in 1957. They put the first person into space in 1961 Yuri Gagarin. Soviet gains in space shock the US into responding. - Fears that the Russians could use space vehicles as a military option push US’s programs

29. IKE and bombs C. Eisenhower's Sec of Defense John Foster Dulles, uses risky policy of "Brinkmanship." Threaten overwhelming use of force(nukes), and the Russians will back down. It frightens the world. . D. Ike, seeing the uncontrolled spending of the era, leaves with a warning about the growing power of the "Military-Industrial Complex" in US; puts money into atomic weaponry and not conventional forces. 1. He feels it sap needed money for domestic concerns (i.e.schools) and gradually increase the possibility of global endangering conflict in the Cold War.