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Corrections in America An Introduction Eleventh Edition

Corrections in America An Introduction Eleventh Edition. Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen. Chapter 6: Jails and Detention Facilities. Overview. Processes, facilities, and programs that deal with the Front End of correctional systems

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Corrections in America An Introduction Eleventh Edition

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  1. Corrections in AmericaAn IntroductionEleventh Edition Allen, Latessa, Ponder and Simonsen Chapter 6: Jails and Detention Facilities

  2. Overview • Processes, facilities, and programs that deal with the Front End of correctional systems • Most offenders begin their journey in a jail or detention facility • Last stop for some . . . • Beginning for others

  3. Jails: A Grim History • Early jails (local gaol, lockup, workhouse, stockade, hulk, or detention center) changed very little until the mid-1900s

  4. Processing Path • Booking • Classification and Cell Assignment • Security level • Offense classification • Personal characteristics • Shower and cleansing • Jail clothing • Movements to/from • Visiting Schedules • Release

  5. Modern Computer Systems andWell-Planned Bookings Make for Efficiency

  6. Jails Today • 25% hold less than 249 inmates • The 25 largest jails hold more than 1 in 3 inmates

  7. Number of Jails by their Rated Capacity Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics (2001), Censes of Jails, 1999 (www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cj99.pdf), p.3.

  8. Detention • The legally authorized confinement of a person subject to criminal or juvenile court proceedings until commitment to a correctional facility or release.

  9. Jail Populationsand Characteristics • Felons and misdemeanant • First time and repeat offenders • Adults (male and female) and juveniles • Accused and convicted • Guilty and innocent

  10. Characteristics: cont. • Those awaiting arraignment or trial • Conviction and sentencing • Probation & Parole violators • Bail bond violators and absconders

  11. Characteristics: cont. • Juveniles pending transfer • Those with mental illness awaiting transfer • Chronic alcoholics • Drug abusers

  12. Characteristics: cont. • Those held for the military • Protective custody • Material Witnesses • Those in contempt of court • Persons awaiting transfer to state, federal or other local authorities • Temporarily detained persons

  13. Characteristics: cont. • More than half of the persons in jail are awaiting trial • 10% have been found guilty, but not yet sentenced • Average daily population is over 690,000 . . . an increase of 36% since 1995

  14. Number of Jail Inmates1990-2010* (*2005 and 2010 estimated) In thousands

  15. Ethnicity of Jail Inmates2003 Total: 691,301

  16. Protecting nondangerous persons and the innocent • Keep them out of jail • Release them as soon as possible • Pretrial diversion • Electronic monitoring • Weekend confinement • Community work orders • Increased use of bail/ROR • More extensive use of fines • Work and study release

  17. Persons Supervised Outside Jail Facilities, Midyear 2003 Total Outside: 71,371

  18. The New Generation Jail • Developed in 1970s • Radical departure in architecture, interior design, and design philosophy • Designed for maximum interaction with staff and inmates • Continuous and direct supervision

  19. Jail Architecture • Linear/Intermittent Surveillance • Podular Remote Surveillance • Podular Direct Supervision

  20. Jails • Improvements in physical facilities have been offset by overcrowding • More than 1 in 4 of the largest jails are under court order to limit populations • Or improve specific conditions (food services, medical services, fire hazards, etc.)

  21. Jails: cont. • Who are the “rabble” that enter the jail? • Are they dangerous predators? • Marginal people who pose some threat to the community?

  22. Rabble: cont. • Alcohol and Drug Use • Most have used/abused these in their lives • More than 40% had been drinking just before their offense

  23. Convicted Jail Inmates • More than half were under the influence of drugs or alcohol (or both) at the time of their current offense • One-quarter had participated in a drug treatment program • One-sixth had participated in an alcohol treatment program

  24. Jails • Number of jails is declining, though number of beds has risen over 131% (1972-2003) • Newer, larger jails are replacing smaller, decrepit jails

  25. Ways of Reducing Overcrowding • Conversion of old motels • Using manufactured housing units • Tent cities • Leasing from other jurisdictions

  26. Overcrowding: cont. • House arrest • Electronic monitoring • Double bunking • Contract out . . . treatment programs

  27. Correctional Personnel Issues • Lack of adequate numbers • Primary emphasis on custodial convenience rather than correctional services • Fanatical concern with security

  28. Jail Problems • Internal operations by inmates has led to reprehensible conditions in many of the large municipal jails • The need for pre-service and in-service training has been identified by inspectors

  29. Jail Problems: cont. • The need to break the habitual work patterns: • Uninterested, politically appointed, and unqualified jail personnel • Low pay . . . high turnover

  30. Jail Standards • Standards and accreditation have been developed by: • American Jails Association • American Correctional Association • Technical Assistance by National Institute of Corrections • Although standard criteria are hard to implement

  31. Health Care in Jails • Subject of endless litigation • Health care is no longer an option, but compulsory

  32. Health Care in Jails • Determine real costs • Security issues • Medical staff scheduling • Special housing • Seeking accreditation • Planning for future problems

  33. Alternatives to Jail • Fines . . . Price-tag justice • Weekend confinement • Community work orders • Probation without adjudication • Suspended sentence

  34. Some Conclusions Can Be Drawn From Existing Programs • Pretrial alternatives are less costly than jail incarceration • Those released before trial do better in court • Pretrial release is effective in preventing recidivism • Alternative programs can reduce jail populations

  35. Summary • Jails are part of a disconnected system • “Clients” are part of a “losers ” group • Addressing the underlining problems of inmates is the best way to solve the problem

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