Evolution of Living Things

1. Evolution of Living Things Chapter 7 “tree of life”

2. The teaching of Evolution has been controversial…

3. Evolution is also one of the most misunderstood and controversial concepts in the eyes of the general public. This situation is unfortunate, because the controversy surrounding evolution is unnecessary. Resistance to evolution stems in part from misunderstanding science and how it is distinct from religion. Science and religion provide different ways of knowing the Earth and universe. Science proceeds by testing hypotheses and thus is restricted to natural, testable explanations. By definition, science is unable to confirm or deny the existence or work of a Creator; such questions are beyond the realm of science. As a scientific concept, evolution therefore can make no reference to a Creator. Many people of faith, including scientists, find no conflict between evolution and their religion; in fact, many religious denominations have issued statements supporting evolution. Science and religion need not conflict. 

4. adaptation species evolution fossil fossil record vestigial structure trait selective breeding natural selection mutation generation time speciation adaptation vestigial structure adaptation adaptation vestigial structure natural selection fossil record endemic species

5. Charles Darwin 1809-1882 • British naturalist • Gathered evidence for the theory of evolution during a 5 year “Voyage of the Beagle” around the world trip from 1831-1836 • (three years and three months on land; 18 months at sea)

10. These islands sparked Darwin’s thoughts that led to his theory of: EVOLUTION

11. What’s so great about the Galapagos? • 15+ separate islands with different climates and geography • Isolated from South America by 600 miles of ocean • Climates are controlled by different ocean currents that bombard the islands • They lie off the coast of Ecuador on the Equator

12. Evidence of Evolution? 1. Fossils – see your text: whale fossils 2. Vestigial structures 3. Comparison of skeletons 4. DNA 5. Embryonic structures: cat human chicken

13. Comparative Anatomy of skeletons:

15. Fossils: trace or remains of organisms that lived long ago, usually found in sedimentary rock trilobite ammonite

16. Fossil T. rex:

17. Evolution of the whale in fossils: Be sure to read about these fossils in your textbook!

18. Fossil Record: older fossils are less similar to present day life forms

19. Tap Darwin for Brainpop EVOLUTION-Homer Simpson • THE PROCESS BY WHICH POPULATIONS ACCUMULATE INHERITED CHANGES OVER TIME • Give some ex. from the “Voyage to the Galapagos” video: • 1. 2. 3.

20. ADAPTATIONS SOMETHING THAT HELPS AN ORGANISM SURVIVE • Can be: • structuralor • behavioral

21. Darwin’s Finches:

22. Section 2: How Does Evolution Happen?

23. Natural Selection • The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do

24. Natural Selection: • Has also been called… "Survival of the Fittest"

25. Four Parts to “Natural Selection” • 1. Overproduction: Each species produces more offspring than will survive to reproduce.

27. 2. Inherited Variation Individuals in a population have slightly different traits.

29. 3. Struggle to Survive: Individuals will always have to compete for limited resources. Starvation, disease, and predation will limit survival.

31. The KEYto natural selection… • 4. Successful Reproduction: Individuals better equipped for the environment survive and reproduce.

32. Natural Selection (4 steps) • 1 Overproduction • 2 Genetic Variation • 3 Struggle to Survive • 4 Successful Reproduction

33. Charles Darwin publishes his famous book in 1859: • On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural selection

34. Section 3 • Natural Selection in Action

35. Elephants…. • African • Asian

36. Poaching elephants for their tusks This has resulted in a change in the population where instead of 1% male elephants being born without tusks (1930), now 15% are born without tusks.

38. Natural Selection in Action:COCKROACHES! • Females lay almost 80 eggs. • Average colony 1000 roaches . • Potential for ________offspring! • Genetic variation means… • _____% will be killed by insecticide. • ______% will reproduce and produce offspring ____________to insecticide.

39. movies with cockroaches... eeeeew!

40. Generation time: the length of time from the birth of one generation to the birth of the next INSECTS:short generation time MAMMALS: long generation time

41. The shorter the generation time… • (and the more offspring produced), • THE MORE LIKELY ADAPTATIONS WILL ARISE AND NEW SPECIES PRODUCED.

42. Maximum Recorded Life Spans Mayfly: 3 hoursPygmy goby: 8 weeksHousefly: 6 monthsHouse mouse: 5 yearsDomestic dog: 29 yearsDomestic cat: 34 yearsOrangutan: 59 yearsAfrican elephant: 80 yearsHuman: 122 yearsGalápagos tortoise: 188 yearsQuahog clam: 220 years Maximum Recorded Life Spans Mayfly: 3 hours Pygmy goby: 8 weeks Housefly: 6 months House mouse: 5 years Domestic dog: 29 years Domestic cat: 34 years Orangutan: 59 years African elephant: 80 years Human: 122 years Galapagos tortoise: 188 years Quahog clam: 220 years

43. As a rough guide, the numbers of currently identified species can be broken down as follows : 287,655 plants 10,000 lichens 1,190,200 invertebrates (including 950,000 insects) 57,739 vertebrates: includes 28,500 fishes, 5,743 amphibians, 8,163 reptiles, 9,917 birds, and 5,416 mammals.

47. Adaptation to Pollution: • Peppered Moth : • Lived in England in two colors…dark and light colored. Dark were very RARE. • After 1850, industrial revolution brought air pollution. • After a while dark colored moths were better adapted. Moth color changed over time.

48. Conditions of tree bark before 1850:

49. Conditions after 1850:

50. A Species… • A group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring