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Classification of Living Things

Classification of Living Things. What is classification?. Classification is the grouping of living organisms according to similar structures and functions. Early classification systems. Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved . The modern classification system :. Kingdom

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Classification of Living Things

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  1. Classification of Living Things

  2. What is classification? • Classification is the grouping of living organisms according to similar structures and functions.

  3. Early classification systems • Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved

  4. The modern classification system : • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Developed by Carolus Linnaeus Consists of 7 levels:

  5. Dichotomous Trees Taxonomic Key (Dichotomous Key) - key used to identify an organism -paired statements that describe the physical characteristics of different organisms

  6. Rules • 1. Always start at the top • 2. Compare one organism at a time, read the choice and decide yes or no. • 3. Follow the next step and eliminate options until it is narrowed down to one.

  7. 1. Teeth visible ....................go to 2.....Teeth not visible .................go to 4 • 2. Has a wide, toothy smile .......Smilustoothyus....Is not smiling ......................go to 3 • 3. Visibly crying .................Smilusdramaticus.... Frowning .......................Smilusupsettus • 4. Eyes are symmetrical .... go to 5....Eyes not symmetrical .....go to 8 • 5. Eyes shaped like hearts ..... Smilusvalentinus....Eyes are shaped as ovals .....go to 6 • 6. Smiling, happy face ...... Smilustraditionalis.....Not happy, frowning or other .....go to 7 • 7. Mouth curved down, frowning .... Smilussaddus.... Mouth is a small circle .................Smilussuprisus • 8. Has a pirate eye patch ...............Smiluspiratus....Does not have eye patch ............ go to 9 • 9. One eye is much larger than the other eye ...... SmilusmutatusOne eye is winking .................Smiluswinkus

  8. What kingdom does this belong to? Example • 1a. Tiny. Microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye ................................. 2 • 1b. Large enough for a shape to be seen by eye............................................. 4 • 2a. Single-celled. May have projections used for movement........................... 3 • 2b. Multi-celled. May have systems………………………………………………..4 • 3a. Cells do not have a nucleus. Mostly found in extreme environments like hot springs………………………………………..... ……….. Kingdom Archaea • 3b. Cells do not have a nucleus. Includes bacteria and blue-green algae. • .............................................................................. Kingdom Monera • 3c. Cells have at least one nucleus; often capable of movement ............................................................... Kingdom Protista • 4a. Plant-like but not green; absorbs nutrients from environment; do not move……………………………………………………….………… Kingdom Fungi • 4b. Green, chloroplasts in cells; do not move............................ Kingdom Plantae • 4c. Usually mobile; cells lack walls; not photosynthetic; ingests and digests food.............................................................................................Kingdom Animalia

  9. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. • evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data • shown with branching tree diagrams

  10. Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. • classification based on common ancestry • species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

  11. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. • A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. • Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. • Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

  12. How to read a Cladogram • This diagram shows a relationship between 4 relatives. These relatives share a common ancestor at the root of the tree. • Note that this diagram is also a timeline. The older organism is at the bottom of the tree. • The four descendents at the top of the tree are DIFFERENT species. This is called SPECIATION.

  13. Branches on the tree represent SPECIATION, the formation of a new species. • The event that causes the speciation is shown as the fork of the “V”.

  14. Species B and C each have characteristics that are unique only to them. • But they also share some part of their history with species A. This shared history is the common ancestor.

  15. How to make one

  16. Example • Look at the cladogram at the right. What conclusions can be drawn about the relationship between humans and chimps?

  17. 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER • Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. • basis of arranging species in cladogram • more closely related species share more derived characters • represented on cladogram as hash marks

  18. CLADE 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. • Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID

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