Rise of New Leaders and Ideas around the world after WW1

1. Rise of New Leaders and Ideas around the world after WW1

2. Who Would You Vote For? Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health. Contestant #2I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude Contestant #3I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

3. Who Did You Vote For? Contestant #3 Contestant #2 Contestant #1 F. D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Adolf Hitler

4. Black Tuesday 1929- stock market crashes Treaty of Versailles Great Depressionduring 1930s Totalitarianism Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control-For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism Total Controlof State by aDictator

5. Totalitarianism • What is it? • Describe its characteristics…

7. Totalitarianism • Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state(political, military, economy, social, cultural) • Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms) • Strict controls and laws (over the police, military, communications, and economic and educational systems) • Military state (secret police, army, military) • Censorship (opposing literature and ideas) • Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters) • One leader (dictator); charismatic • Total conformity of people to ideas and leader • Control through terror and fear – secret police have the power to arrest, detain, torture, imprison, and execute anyone considered to be an “enemy of the state”

8. Totalitarianism *These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

9. Communism • I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953. • What is Communism?LEFT WING • based on theory by Karl Marx • revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society”, where citizens would share equally in the wealth of the state; • state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership) • Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

10. The Rise of Communism in Russia • March, 1917 – democratic revolution ended tsarist rule of the Russian empire; • November – Bolshevik revolution marks the start of communist rule in Russia; • The “Russian Revolution” kills the Russian economy • 1928 – Josef Stalin becomes the leader of the Soviet Union and introduces his 5 year economic plan, which includes massive industrialization and the collective ownership of agriculture • During the 1930s, Stalin feared people were working to overthrow him • Began the “Great Purge” to rid society of “undesirable elements”; • Between 1934 and 1940, millions of Soviet citizens were convicted of crimes, even if they didn’t exist, and either executed or sent to Siberian prison camps.

11. Fascism • I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943. • What is Fascism?RIGHT WING • intense nationalism and elitism • totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights • maintain class system and private ownership • Rejects the idea of individual liberty and the equality of persons and races; • Citizens have “collective rights” that are defined by the state and policed by the military; • The leader demands unquestioning support by the citizens by promoting a “national myth” – a story about the history and destiny of the country or people. Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

12. Italy

13. The Rise of Fascism in Italy • After WWI, the cost of living in Italy increased by 500%; • 1922 – Mussolini and his fascist followers “marched on Rome” and overthrew the government; • 1925 – Mussolini declared himself dictator of Italy; • Democratic government abolished; • Propaganda used to reform Italy society; • Believed that aggressive expansion abroad was the answer to Italy’s problems; consequently, in 1935, he ordered the invasion of Ethiopia.

14. Fascism in Japan • The Great Depression was very hard on Japan, and militarism became to be seen as necessary for national survival; • Japan’s small size made it difficult for recovery; • it was decided that expansion into China was needed to stimulate economic recovery, by providing the natural resources necessary to do so; • additionally, Japan’s increasing population needed room to grow. • In the late 1920s, a group of young officers took control of the army, supported by businessmen who wanted raw materials and a guaranteed market for Japanese industry. • In September, 1931, Japan invaded the Chinese region of Manchuria, and renamed it Manchuko.

15. Japan’s Imperialism • 1931: Manchuria • 1933: storms out of League of Nations • 1937: invades China • 1938: at war with China • 1940: Axis Pact with Germany and Italy • 1941: Pearl Harbor attack

16. Rape of Nanking, 1937 • Full-scale Japanese invasion of China • In systematic attacks on port city after surrender, 300,000 civilians killed; 80,000 women raped

17. Spain

18. FASCISM IN SPAIN • The Depression was hard on Spain – very difficult to maintain democracy. • 1936 – first attempt by army and conservative coalition to seize power – only successful in some parts of the country. • Led to a brutal civil war between the Nationalists, under General Francisco Franco, and the Republicans. • Nationalists were supported by Hitler and Mussolini. • Strategy focused on terror tactics to scare people into submission. • Hitler used the Spanish Civil War as practice for his Luftwaffe. • Republicans were supported by Mexico and initially the USSR. • By Feb. 1939, the Nationalists controlled all of Spain.

19. Franco ruled through a ruthless, totalitarian regime. • Critics of the government were silenced through censorship and violence • Tactics included torture, long prison sentences, forced labour, and concentration camps.

20. Germany

21. Nazism • I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. • What is Nazism? • extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party • belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race” • belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe • Violent hatred towards Jews (anti-Semitism) and blamed Germany’s problems on them • Use of propaganda to “brainwash” the German people; • Attacked anyone who opposed Nazi policy and eliminated all opposition; • Belief in a strong military

22. The Rise of Nazism in Germany • Germans were suffering greatly as a result of the Great Depression and the Treaty of Versailles; • Hitler was a peaceful orator who spoke of a new German Empire that would destroy the Treaty of Versailles, take back Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia; • Hitler was a dictator – one supreme leader with all power; • Skillfully used propaganda – promised jobs, denounced the Treaty of Versailles, and promised to make Germany the master of the world; • Attacked anything/anyone that opposed Nazi policies, including democracy, the Treaty of Versailles, peace, communism, socialism, and the League of Nations; • Declared the Aryans the “master race” (blue eyes and blond hair); • Practiced anti-semitism – the hatred and prejudice towards Jews; • Eliminated all opposition; • Rearmed Germany.