Rise of New Leaders and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s

1. Rise of New Leaders and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s

2. Democracy • Rule by the people • Civil Rights • Representative democracy • Capitalism – private business, no government ownership, free market • Rule of Law

3. Canada and USA, 1930s • Mired in a Depression • High Unemployment • Poverty • Hunger Was capitalism failing?! Was democracy in Danger?!

4. in other parts of the world… No! Democracy was kept safe here . . . But

5. Who Would You Vote For? Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health. Contestant #2I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude Contestant #3I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

6. Who Did You Vote For? Contestant #3 Contestant #2 Contestant #1

7. Black Tuesday 1929- stock market crashes Treaty of Versailles Great Depressionduring 1930s Totalitarianism Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control-For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism Total Controlof State by aDictator

8. Totalitarianism • What is it? • Describe its characteristics…

9. Totalitarianism • Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state(political, military, economy, social, cultural) • Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms) • Strict controls and laws • Military state (secret police, army, military) • Censorship (opposing literature and ideas) • Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters) • One leader (dictator); charismatic • Total conformity of people to ideas and leader • Terror and Fear

10. Totalitarianism *These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

12. Communism • I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953. • What is Communism? • LEFT WING • based on theory by Karl Marx • revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society” • state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership) • Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

13. Fascism • I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943. • What is Fascism? • RIGHT WING • intense nationalism and elitism • totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights • maintain class system and private ownership Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

14. Nazism • I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. • What is Nazism? • extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party • belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race” • belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe • Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

15. Japan • Militarism • War is main policy of government • Use of force to reach goals • Strong Army Rising Sun Japanese Imperial Flag Emperor Hirohito

16. Hideki Tojo • Preached virtues of territorial expansion • Needed to conquer – gain more land • Japan poor in natural resources • Claimed Japan’s destiny was to drive out the western colonial powers and rule all of Asia • Censored media and demanded totalobedience

17. Spain • Spanish Civil War, 1936 • Francisco Franco vs. Republic Government • Spain the place to stop the rise of Fascism? • Democracies looked the other way, remained neutral (U.S., Britain, France) • Hitler aided Franco, tested out strategies/weapons for future conflicts in his quest to enlarge Germany Falange Francisco Franco

18. Nazi Controls

19. Nazi Military State • GESTAPO: the Secret State Police • SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SA • SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties • Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into east • Wehrmacht:German army • HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth • Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units • Volk:all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in government policies and programs)

21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkSFIw6vePM&feature=related

24. “The Eternal Jew”Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violenceagainst the Jewish community. This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.

26. Policy of Appeasement Appeasement • willingness to surrender to an aggressors’ demands to avoid war How was it used prior to World War II? • Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped and needed to be negotiated with (even at the expense of the smaller independent countries) • Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of Versailles Reality • Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda program for Eastern Europe • Irony= policy used to avoid war but empowered Hitler to continue his aggressive campaign . The only way to stop Hitler was to declare war.

27. STEPS TO WAR How did World War II begin? How did appeasement contribute to World War II?http://www.markville.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/history/history/quotes.pdf

29. Reflect • Was the Treaty of Versailles truly the cause of World War II? Or appeasement? • What do we have to remember about hindsight when examining history? • Could Hitler have been ‘stopped’ at any time prior to 1939? • What was Canada’s view of appeasement and another potential war? What was “isolationism” ?