Membrane permeation is achieved by a variety of mechanisms

1. Membrane permeation is achieved by a variety of mechanisms

2. LeuT Na+-dependent pump KcsA K+ channel The number of binding sites varies ClC Cl–/H+ exchanger Ca2+ ATPase pump

3. Ion binding correlated with protein conformational changes in a K+ channel and a Ca2+ pump.

4. The Structure of the Calcium Channel: Basis of Ca2+ Conduction and Selectivity Sather and McCleskey (2003), Ann Review Phys

5. Membrane topology and amino acid sequences that form part of the pore lining for a cardiac L-type Ca channel.

6. Quadruple mutants of the EEEE locus lack high-affinity binding of divalent cations.

7. Fanciful depiction of hypothesized structural flexibility in the EEEE locus.

8. Three Ca2+ ions (violet balls) bound to the EEEE locus.

9. The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K+ Conduction and Selectivity Mackinnon et al.

10. potassium channels permeability and specificity homology of structure

11. previous research revealing the pore K+ channel signature sequence figure 1

12. targeting the subunit figure 4 white yellow mustard green pink red

13. revealing the subunit Michael Andrew Meyer, MD From Neuron to Brain (4th Edition, Sinauer Associates) figure 2 A & B

14. the subunit grasp: tetrameric figure 3 A & B

15. x-ray crystallography Long et al. 2005 figure 3C

16. the selectivity / permeability paradox

17. complementation and passage minimize length of crossing figure 5 A & B encourage those who wish to cross

18. hold their hands and invite them in figure 7 figure 3D

19. specific stabilization figure 6 figure 8C