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Ottoman Empire & Egypt: Effects of Nationalism & Industrialization 1798-1880

Ottoman Empire & Egypt: Effects of Nationalism & Industrialization 1798-1880. Nationalism. Nationalism on the rise Nationalism = Feeling connected to the “nation” by language, religion, culture, etc. Egypt: Invasion by Napoleon. 1798 – French invade Egypt to annoy Great Britain.

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Ottoman Empire & Egypt: Effects of Nationalism & Industrialization 1798-1880

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  1. Ottoman Empire & Egypt: Effects of Nationalism & Industrialization 1798-1880

  2. Nationalism • Nationalism on the rise • Nationalism = Feeling connected to the “nation” by language, religion, culture, etc.

  3. Egypt: Invasion by Napoleon 1798 – French invade Egypt to annoy Great Britain

  4. Egypt: part of the Ottoman Empire…but not for long. Which Muhammad Ali will WIN?! SCORE: Old Men: 2 Boxers: 0

  5. Muhammad Ali Takes Control • Nationalism spikes – Egypt realizes their weakness • Power vacuum after Napoleon’s defeat • Muhammad Ali – Ottoman military commander • Consolidated power for himself

  6. My scary eyes will achieve modern-ization for Egypt! Egypt: Wounded Pride • How to prevent loss of power to Europe? • Make use of European techniques • Peasants produce cotton for export to pay for massive overhaul

  7. Reforms of Ali…it’s not all laying around in your slippers • Westernize military • Western-style schools (military, medical) • Educated Egyptians replace old ruling elites • First newspaper in Islamic world (1824) • Factories

  8. Things Fall Apart • 1870s, cotton market collapses • Lots of debt • British and French occupy Egypt

  9. Ottoman Empire: “The Sick Man of Europe” • Problems: • Janissaries; tax farmers corrupt) • Russia! • Revolts (Balkan and Greek) 1820s • Evidence of nationalism • Young Ottomans – nationalist group; wanted constitutional gov’t

  10. Tanzimat Reforms = • 1839: Westernize military, education, bureaucracy • Dissolve Janissaries; reduce religious leaders’ & Shari’a law’s power • BUT majority remain tied to Islamic roots; women still subjugated

  11. Symbol of Reform? Not THAT Fez… OR that Fez… Brimless Fez

  12. Ottoman Empire: Big Picture • “Ruled” by Sultan in Istanbul, but in reality had become decentralized and had lots of little independent rulers • Autocratic & agricultural (peasant labor) • Multi-ethnic, linguistic, & religious empire • Slow to industrialize • Attempted top-down reforms but hesitant b/c fear of political unrest • Continued efforts in the face of European superiority

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