SOCIALIZATION

1. SOCIALIZATION Prof. Fernando R. Pedrosa, Ph.D. Professor-in-charge, Socio-Anthro.

2. SOCIALIZATION • The long and complicated process of social interaction through which the child learns the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of society.

3. A process of mutual influence between a person and his/her fellowmen. • A process that results in an adaptation to, the patterns of social behavior. (Fichter)

4. Personality • Product of socialization • Ety. –”per” (through); “sonare” (sound/speak) • Real – the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual. * A well-rounded person has a rich personality and has varied interests and purposes.

5. Personality as a product of socialization, arises from the result of the interplay of various variables, e.g. heredity, environment – geographical, social, economic, and cultural. • The interplay of these factors immensely shapes the development of an individual’s personality.

6. Factors of Personality Development: 1. Heredity (nature) – a child’s physical build and its facial appearance are complex creations of fused genes. 2. Environment (nurture) – constitutes the aggregate of surrounding things and conditions, and greatly affects personality as a result of a long gradual process.

7. - The “self” is achieved through a long, slow process of growth and involves the breaking of undesirable habits and formation of desirable ones. - The environment provides formative influences in the shaping of the foundation of personality that is the result of the wonders of the genes.

8. - The environment, as a determining factor in personality formation, includes: geographic, cultural, and social aspects.

9. - Geographic environment is characterized by the location, climate, topography and natural resources. -Cultural environment includes the mode of living, the norms of behavior, the folkways, mores, laws, and customs, values and ideas and other established patterned ways of the social group.

10. - Social environment is characterized by the various groups of people interacting with one another in a social situation. * A child normally joins various groups and each group improves certain norms and sets of expectations on every member that influence personality formation. For every action perceived by the child from another, he/she gives meaning and interprets it according to his/her own experiences.

11. * The nature of the child’s interpersonal experiences in relation to the structure and background of his family will also influence the shaping of his/her personality. For ex. – an only child who comes from a rich family will have different experiences from one who comes from a poor and big family.

12. * The different social processes, e.g., cooperation, competition, conflict, and differentiation and other social experiences in the social environment will certainly exert a tremendous influence upon the individual.

13. Personality/Social Self relates appropriately to the poem “CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE” If a child lives with criticism, he learns to condemn; If a child lives with hostility, he learns to fight; If a child lives with ridicule, he learns to be shy; If a child lives with shame, he learns to feel guilty; If a child lives with tolerance, he learns to be patient; If a child lives with encouragement, he learns confidence; If a child lives with praise, he learns to appreciate; If a child lives with fairness, he learns justice; If a child lives with security, he learns to have faith; If a child lives with approval, he learns to like himself; If a child lives with acceptance and friendship, he learns to find love in the world.

14. Socialization is described from points: 1. Objective socialization - refers to the society acting upon the child. 2. Subjective socialization - process by which society transmits its culture from one generation to the next, and adapts the individual to the accepted and approved ways of organized social life.

15. Importance of Socialization • It is vital to: 1. Culture 2. Personality 3. Sex role differentiation

16. Vital to culture – it is through this process of socialization that every society transmits its culture to succeeding generations. - through this continuing process, each generation acquires the elements of its society’s culture – its knowledge, symbols, values, norms, beliefs, and others.

17. - Socialization is the vital link to cultures. - If this process of cultural transmission is disrupted, a culture disintegrates or even dies.

18. Vital to personality - The process of socialization also plays a very vital role in personality formation and development. - The training of every child received through the process of socialization greatly affects his personality. Human infants develop social attachments when they learn to feel others and see that others care for them.

19. Vital to sex role differentiation - Socialization provides every individual the expected role he/she is to play in the society according to their sexes. - In the early years, it was believed that differences in behavior between boys and girls, men and women, were “inborn” and “natural.” - Biological factors determine the abilities, interests, and traits of the sexes.

20. Some of the numerous sub-processes of social learning • Imitation - the human action by which one tends to duplicate more or less, or exactly, the behavior of others. • Suggestion - is found in the works and actions of those who are attempting to change the behavior of the learner.

21. Competition - a stimulative process in which two or more individuals vie with one another in achieving knowledge.

22. Components of Socialization: 1. Goals/Motivations - the state of affairs one wishes to achieve. 2. Contexts - where a social interaction takes place makes a difference.(place, environment, activities surrounding the interaction)

23. 3. Norms - refer to the rules that regulate the process of social interaction. - it is patterned; quite predictable.

24. Types of social interaction • Focused - when two or more individuals agree (explicitly or implicitly) to sustain an interaction with one or more particular goals in mind. • Unfocused - this happen simply because two or more persons happen to be in each other’s presence. (impressions of individuals for another)

25. Four basic types of focused interaction: 1. Exchange 2. Cooperation 3. Conflict 4. Competition

26. Exchange - when people do something for another with the expressed purpose of receiving a reward or return.

27. Cooperation - people act together to promote common interests or achieve shared goals.

28. Types of cooperation: • Spontaneous - instantaneous • Traditional – cultural (customary practice) • Directed – planned/organized • Contractual – obligatory due to contract

29. Conflict - people struggle with one another for some commonly prized object or value.

30. Coercion - a kind of conflict that can occur when one of the parties in a conflict is much stronger than the other.

31. Competition - individuals or groups confine their conflict within agreed upon rules.

32. Dynamics of Socialization • Functionalism (Functional Approach) - We gain the image of people adapting to the attitudes of others, conforming to the role expectations, and internalizing the norms and values of the community. - We develop our “social self” that reflects the society in which we live. - People are passive beings who are programmed in the ways of their society.

33. Symbolic Interaction - People employ symbols to convey meanings to one another. - They define situations, negotiate interaction and order, and construct reality. - We not only attribute meanings to other people and the world about us, but we also attribute meanings to ourselves.

34. - Looking-glass-self * We mentally assume the stance of other people and look at ourselves as we believe these others see us. * We acquire our sense of self by seeing ourselves reflected in the behavior of others and their attitudes toward us, and by imagining others think about us.

35. *According to Cooley, the looking-glass-self involves three processes: 1. presentation 2. identification 3. subjective interpretation *We start the way we appear to others, then we identify with how we imagine others judge that appearance, and we finally interpret those judgments for our self-image.

36. Conflict Theory and Socialization - This takes note of how social customs and institutions are arranged to perpetuate class distinctions. - This theory argues that child rearing practices vary by social class and affect the life chances of those being socialized. - Children are treated differently form different social classes, thereby perpetuating the domination of one social class over another in a subtle and powerful way.

37. - For Karl Marx, capitalist society is torn by a fundamental conflict of interest between capitalists and workers. - He contends that institutions such as the educational system and other forms of communication are employed by the capitalist class to foster a false consciousness among the masses.

38. Social and Biological Conflict - According to Sigmund Freud, conflict is not so much among classes but between society and the primal biological drives of sex and aggression. - He believed that every society has to repress and channel the primitive drives of people, otherwise – civilization will be destroyed.

39. Freud formulated a comprehensive theory of socialization and personality and explained its development. • His theory states that socialization, as a process, is characterized by the internal struggle between the biological components and social-cultural environment of the individual.

40. Freud stressed that personality consisted of three major systems: 1. Id – biological component of the self which is the source of a number of drives and urges. - it is unconscious, illogical and unintegrated.

41. 2. Ego – the component of the self that represents reason and sanity. - mediates between the needs of the individual and the world of reality and strives to delay tensions by way of waiting for a suitable environment to exist. 3. Superego – the carrier of the ideals, customs, traditions, and mores of society.

42. Stages of Development • Oral stage (from birth to one year) - Eating is the major source of satisfaction. Frustration and over-indulgence at this stage may lead to over-eating or alcoholism during adulthood.

43. Anal stage (one-three years) - toilet training at this stage constitutes an influencing factor in personality development.

44. Phallic stage (three-six years) - the greatest source of pleasure of the child comes from the sex organs.

45. Latency stage (six years-adolescence) - in this stage, children turn their attention to people outside their families; e.g. friends, teachers, and neighbors.

46. Genital stage (adolescence and beyond) - the sexual impulses become active again and the individual focuses on the opposite sex, looks around for a future partner, and prepares for marriage and adult responsibilities.

47. Stages of Socialization • Several authorities have been noted in their contributions as far as social development is concerned. Some of them are the following: • Erik Erikson • Sigmund Freud • Jean Piaget • George H. Mead • Lawrence Kohlberg

48. Erik Erikson (Psychological development) -His major concern is twith the feelings people toward themselves and the world around them. -In his book “Childhood and Society,” he described eight stages of human development which he referred to as crises – periods when one confronts major issues of life.

49. - Growth and successful resolution at each stage depend on the growth and degree of resolution at each stage. - The eight periods are the following: 1) Infancy – trust vs. mistrust; 2) Early childhood – autonomy vs. shame and doubt; 3) Play stage – initiative vs. guilt; 4) School age – industry vs. inferiority;

50. 5) Adolescence – identity vs. role confusion; 6) Young adulthood – intimacy vs. isolation; 7) Middle adulthood – generativity vs. stagnation; 8) Old age – integrity vs. despair.