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Islam. Ch 6. I. Introduction. Arabian Peninsula Desert Region Home of Islam Nomadic backwater people Traveled from Oasis to Oasis People were tribe/ clan focused Resulted in feuds Were polytheistic but had no religious moral code . I. Introduction. I. Introduction.
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Islam Ch 6
I. Introduction • Arabian Peninsula • Desert Region • Home of Islam • Nomadic backwater people • Traveled from Oasis to Oasis • People were tribe/ clan focused • Resulted in feuds • Were polytheistic but had no religious moral code
I. Introduction • Main town centers-Mecca& Medina • Mecca housed Ka’baand was a center for trade • Ran by Umayyad clan of Quraysh tribe • People • Women had greater freedom (lineage through women) • Males were polygamist and women could have multiple partners • Status earned through warfare • Tribes led by Shayks
I. Introduction • Religion was not strict • Gods were neglected • Quraysh tribe was monotheistic and believed in one god, Allah. • Muhammad’s tribe
II. Muhammad • Born to the Quraysh tribe • Both parents died • Raised by uncle (Abu Talib) and grandfather • Family was fairly wealthy • Was exposed to Christianity/ Judaism
II. Muhammad Eventually moved to Mecca Became a merchant and worked under Khadijah Became disillusioned with life as a merchant
II. Muhammad • Problems with way of life • Inequality among classes • Class Rivalries • Inter-clan tension • Extremely wealthy Umayyads • Problems with polytheistic religions
II. Muhammad • Muhammad had his first revelation from Gabriel in 610 AD • Believed his visions were the fulfillment/ clarification of other prophets • Did not write visions down. • Wives wrote them in the Qur'an and recorded the hadiths (traditions of the prophet)
II. Muhammad • Came up with 5 pillars • Confession • No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet- La illahaillalah; Muhamador-rasul-allah. • Pray five times a day facing Mecca • Fast during Ramadan • Zakat- Tithe for the poor • Hajj- pilgrimage to Ka’ba to worship Allah
II. Muhammad • Originally had only a few followers • Seen as a threat to Mecca and Umayyad wealth and power • Snuck away to Medina • Mediated clan disputes (wise political leader) • Umayyad attacked but were defeated • 10000 converts destroy the idols in Ka’ba • Mecca converts • Muhammad dies in 632 AD • Caused major problems (Sunni and Shi’ite split)
III. Early Islamic Converts • Arab Converts • Universal monotheistic religion • No Priest • “Ended feuds and vendetta killings” • Religious Ethics • Zakat- charity for the poor and no overtaxing poor • Regulate life for Judgment Day
III. Early Islamic Converts • Non-Arab Converts • Strict Monotheism • Developed legal codes • “Egalitarianism” • Strong sense of community • Accepted older teachings- Islam just improves it
IV. Umayad Empire • Started with disagreement over a Caliph • Ali: Muhammad’s son-in-law (too young) • Abu Bakr (632-634): Friend of Muhammad • Defeated rival prophets- Ridda Wars • Unified Arab Peninsula and invaded Byzantium and Persia • Used war to unify people • Raiding to gain wealth (taxes)
IV. UmayadEmpire • Sunni vs. Shi’ite • Sunni- Backed Umayyads (Abu Bakr), Caliph is chosen by dominant clan • Shi’ite- Backed Ali, Caliph is descendant of Muhammad • Exploded when Uthman(3rd Caliph) was murdered • Ali was proclaimed caliph
IV. UmayadEmpire • Ali was a famous warrior and was winning at the Battle of Siffin • Lost support by talking out the rest of the battle • Was otherthrown • Assassinated in 661 AD • Mu’awiya was put in as new Caliph in 660 AD
IV. UmayadEmpire • Umayad Imperium • Conquest during 7th century • From India to Spain • Blocked by Charles Martel in 732 AD • Moved political center to Damascus • Arab/ Muslim aristocracy • Strong bureaucracy
IV. Umayads Empire • Converts • Non-Arab Muslim converts were called mawali • Still had to pay property taxes • Non-believers paid Jizya (head tax) • Christians and Jews were called dhimmi (people of the book)
IV. UmayadEmpire • Decline • Became very focused on luxury • Stopped fighting wars • Merv- warriors were suppose to be separated • Also never got treasure from conquest • Revolted and joined the Abbasid party (Muhammad’s uncle al-Abbas) • Formed alliances with other dissenters • Mawali (non-Arab converts) also joined the cause
IV. UmayadEmpire • 750 AD Abbasid forces defeated Umayyad forces in the Battle on the River Zab • Resulted in a massacre of the Umayyad clan at a peace banquet. • Hunted the rest of the family down
V. Abbasid Empire • Named after Abu al-Abbasid • Expanded bureaucracy • Wazir and Royal Executioner • Helped control empire • Pushed for conversion and Mawali acceptance • Mawali were exempt from head tax • Given same treatment as Arab Muslims • Stopped dividing booty
V. Abbasid Empire • Commercial expansion • Heavily involved in trade • Indian numerals became Arabic numerals • Guilds were formed • Luxury goods created for wealthy • Slave labor- mining/ farming • Could earn freedom • Ships called dhows • “1st global civilization”
V. Abbasid Empire • Cultural • Mosque • Schools • Bath houses • Hospitals • Arabic • Unified language, language of Qur'an • Art • Could not use images of people or animals • Geometric designs and flowers • 1001 Arabian Nights • Preserved classical works and architecture
