The Expansion of the United State

1. The Expansion of the United State Economic As a Country As a Imperial Power

2. Expansion of the US Economy • Technology • Big Business • Effect on Workers • The Great Strikes

3. Technology • Daily Life in the late 1800’s • What was life like • What encouraged growth of technology • New Forms of Energy • Oil • Edison • Electricity • Advances In Communications • Telegraph • Telephone

4. Technology • Railroads • Transcontinental Railroads • Developments due to railroads • Time Zones • Railroads impact on industry • Bessemer Process • Creation of steel • Skyscrapers • Bridges • America as a symbol of success

5. Big Business in America • Growth of “Big Business” • Cash + Opportunity • Robber Barons or Captains of Industry • RB – Made money by exploiting workers; Used money on themselves • CofI-Made money by exploiting workers Used money to enrich the lives of others as well as themselves • Social Darwinism: Survival of the Fittest • Applied this concept to people • Rich believed the poor would strive to have a better life or perish • Business on a large scale • Larger Pools of Capital (money) • Wider geographic span • Broader range of operations • Revised role of ownership; new methods of management

6. Big Business in America • New Market Structures • Monopoly (horizontal & vertical) • Cartel • Abuses of Big Business • Carnegie Steel (vertical consolidation) • Economy of Scale • Standard Oil (horizontal consolidation) • Trust • Government Reactions • The norm was to influence government inaction or action on laws supporting big business • Sherman Antitrust Act

7. Big Business’s Effect on Workers • US land of opportunity • Resources • Reward for Innovation • Immigration: A chance for a better life • 14 Million will immigrate to US in this timeframe • Employers and government encouraged immigration to fill needed labor jobs (unskilled, low pay) • Emigration: Move to the cities • 8-9 Million will move from farms to cities • JOBS

8. Big Business’s Effect on Workers • Factory Work • Unskilled labor: long hours, 6 days a week, low pay • Many paid “piecework” • Increasing Efficiency (Frederick Taylor) • Efficiency/making money more important than workers • Division of Labor • Separation of tasks increased efficiency and need for skilled workers • Owners became “disconnected” and workers viewed as part of the machine • Work Environment • Unsafe, Loud, hot/cold, no breaks • Working Families • Many children worked (1/5 aged 10-16) • Children worked rather than schools • If parents stayed home to tend to sick kids, they lost jobs • Families relied on private charities (not enough to cover needs) • “Social Darwinism” the philosophy of the day

9. The Great Strikes • Gap between the rich and the poor • 1890-9% of rich controlled 75% of money • The rich lived opulent, over-the-top lives • Socialism was beginning to gain popularity worldwide because of the miserable lives of the poor • Government control of many industries to decrease the need/drive for profit • Wealth was more equally distributed between the people • Rich people feared/hated the idea of socialism • In America, even the poor feared socialism as “Anti-American.” They cherished the hope they could become rich in their lifetime • Rise of Labor Unions • Workers worked within their workplace to try to demand change through labor unions • Early unions fought for better hours, better work conditions, better pay

10. Expansion of the Territory of the United States • Moving West • Conflict with the Native Americans • Industry Out West • Populism

11. The Great Strikes • Knights of Labor • Pushed to organize all workers (skilled and unskilled) • Men & Women, all races • Pushed for equal pay, 8 hour days, end to child labor • American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Craft/Trade Unions (skilled workers) • Pushed for better wages, hours, working conditions • Wobblies (IWW) • Socialist Unions • Workers should rise up and take over their worksites

12. The Great Strikes • Reaction of the Employers (bosses) • Unions viewed as a threat to the power and profit of big business • Took steps to stop unionization • Forbid meetings • Fired union organizers • “Yellow Dog” contracts • Refused to bargain when strikes occurred • Refused to recognize unions as reps of workers

13. The Great Strikes • The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • 10% pay cut announced, twice, during recession • Workers went on strike • Violence erupted • Bosses asked for and got government intervention • Strike broken • The Haymarket Strike of 1886 • 8 hour workday demanded • SCABS called in • Violence erupted – anarchists threw bombs at police • The Homestead Strike of 1892 • Carnegie cut workers wages • Left Frick to deal with; hired Pinkertons to “break the strike” • Violence erupted, Carnegie angry at Frick but still resisted Unions • The Pullman Strike of 1894 • Pullman a socialist; took good care of his workers • Believed he had right to control their lives outside of work • Bad times caused 25% cut in workers • Unions went to Pullman to protest • Pullman fired leaders • Strike broke out • Fed Government stepped in to break the strike (supporting Pullman)

14. The Great Strikes • Any government actions were in support of the big businesses. • Unions ahead of their times, faded away • Unions will rise again in 20-30 years • Americans viewed Unions with skepticism. Unions = violence Unions = socialism

15. Moving West • Push – Pull of Immigration • Push: Something so bad at home that drives out the person to a new home • Within the US: Civil War, Freed Slaves, Religious Persecution, troubles with the law • In home countries: Irish Potato Famine, Religious Persecution, troubles with the law • Pull: Something so good at the new place that draws the person from their home • Pacific Railroad Acts – land given to men who built the railroads • Morrill Land-Grant Act- land given to territories/states to develop colleges to research agriculture • Homestead Act- 160 acres for a family that settled the West * 21 years of age or head of family * US citizen or applying for citizenship * Built a house on their claim and live in for 6 months * Farm the land for 5 years

16. The Lure of the West • Immigrants from Europe • PUSH – Persecution, Legal Troubles, Economic Woes • PULL - LAND!!!!, Chance of a better life • Freed Slaves • PUSH - Discrimination, Economic Woes • PULL – LAND!!!!, Better Conditions, Chance of a better life • White Easterners • PUSH – Economic Woes, Legal Troubles • PULL – LAND!!!!, Chance of a better life

17. Conflict with Native America • Expansion thru the Great Plains • Territorial Tribes • Causes of Clashes/Treaties • Indian Wars and Indian Policy • Key Battles • Sand Creek 1864 - Massacre • Battle of Little Bighorn 1876 – Custer’s Last Stand • Battle of Wounded Knee 1890 – Massacre • Nez Perce War - 1877 • Critics demanded a new way to deal with the Native American problem • New Policies Toward Native Americans • Reservation System – attempts to change/eradicate the Native American culture • “Assimilation” • “Dawes Act” • Opening of Indian Territory – Great American Land Race – 2 million acres • Boomers and Sooners

18. New Industry in the West • Mining • Individual Gold Miners • Big Business Mining • Mining Towns, Ghost Towns • Ranching – demand spurs BOOM • $3-6 a head would bring $40-80 • Roamed the range • Destruction of the Buffalo • Cow Towns and Cowboys • Cattle Barons • Farming • Homesteaders – soddies • Hardships • Pulling Together • New Technologies • Big Business - Bonanza Farms • Farmers win the battle with ranchers

19. Myths of the “Wild West” • Taming of the West • Wild West • Taming came with families • Territories, National Parks, etc • “American Spirit” (Frederick Jackson Turner) • West encouraged certain characteristics • Independence, socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on self-improvement, committed to democracy • Myths in Literature, Shows and Songs • Stereotypes built up the myths of the west • Literature: Serial novels • Wild West Shows: Buffalo Bill Cody • Boy Scouts & Girls Scouts • Song: “Home on the Range” “Don’t Fence Me In”

20. Expansion of the US as a World Power • Pressure to Expand • Spanish-American War • A New Foreign Policy • Debating America’s Role

21. Pressure to Expand • Growth of Imperialism (Europe leads the way) • Nationalism • Economic Factors • Military Factors • Humanitarian Factors • Expanding US Interests • George Washington warned against expansion • Monroe Doctrine limited expansion to western hemisphere • After expansion across US, expansion across globe next • Arguments for US Expansion • Promotes Economic Growth • Protect US Security • Preserved the “American Spirit” * Most Americans favored US expansion (Manifest Destiny)

22. Spanish-American War • US Displays of Power • Many in US pushed for US Expansion • Yellow Journalism used to push the cause • Chile, Brazil, Venezuela • Cuban Rebellion: Spain controlled Cuba • Brutal rule – treated people harshly • Early attempts by Cubans to push out Spain failed • Cuban exiles (Jose Marti) urged US to get involved, US refused • Exiles attack US interests, draw US into issue (economic impact) • US Business, Yellow Journalism pressured US gov’t into intervention • Hearst/Pulitzer used newspapers to exaggerate horrifying stories of mistreatment • “Jingoism” stoked, PRO-USA gung-ho for intervention

23. Spanish American War • Steps to War • The deLome Letter: Letter from Spain’s ambassador that called McKinley “weak” caused an uproar • USS Maine: US ship sunk in Havana Harbor that killed more that 250 soldiers. Spain blamed and US demanded action • McKinley demanded (and received all but independence) • Compensation for USS Maine • Closure of “reconsentration camps” • Cuban Independence • “Remember the Maine” – US Congress recognizes Cuban independence • War is ON • Dewey launches surprise attack on Philippine Islands • US attacks Cuba, sinks Spanish Fleet • TRoosevelt’s Rough Riders • Quick War – 2,500 die (only 400 in battle) • Treaty of Paris ends war • US receives Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam • All become “unincorporated territories of the US”

24. New Challenges after the war • Philippines: They wanted independence • McKinley pushed for “Annexation” • Philippinos fight against US expansion • 3 year bitter war (4000 US dead, 16,000 Philippino soldiers, 200,000 citizens dead) • Cuba • US promised not to annex Cuba in “Teller Amendment” of war declaration • McKinley installed a military government to build up Cuba • Cubans felt betrayed • “Platt Amendment” gave Cuba independence but, • Cuba could not enter into a foreign agreement without US approval • US navy could use bases • US had right to intervene whenever be believed it necessary (will twice in 30 years) • Puerto Rico • US military government for 2 years • Aids in development of infrastructure, education and police force

25. Other gains • Hawaii: Hugely important port • King forced to accept new constitution giving US planters control • Queen Liliuokalani will try to retake control when kind dies • Sanford Dole will force Liliuokalani from throne and annex islands • 1898 – US officially takes control of Hawaiian Islands • Samoa: Another important port • US negotiates lease of port at Pago Pago • Britain and Germany compete for ports (nearly led to war) • 3 nations agree to share (Britain and Germany eventually leave) • China: Huge economic possibilities • European nations wanted “Spheres of Influence” • US wanted “Open Door Policy” • “Boxer Rebellion” by Chinese to try to push foreign influence out, failed • McKinley’s Secretary of State Hays issued “OPEN DOOR POLICY” that reaffirmed the policy of China’s open trade and the US’s intent to preserve it.

26. New Foreign Policy • Panama Canal • Ideal location for connection of the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean • French first to try – deal with Colombia • many dead due to disease • abandon effort • US decides it need canal – French want too much for contract Colombia wants too much for deal • US makes deal with Panamanian rebel • Rebels would revolt against Colombian rule • US would provide support for rebels then recognize new government • Panama immediately grant US right to built canal for $10 million • Construction began 1904 and ended 1914 • Cure for Malaria • Workers exceed expectations and complete work under budget • Eastern and Western US now connected by Panama Canal

27. A New Policy • Reaction to the Panama Canal • Most Americans approved of canal (both how it was secured and how it was built) • Most saw canal as vital to US security • Some disapproved; believed that US had acquired land in a dishonest way

28. Big Stick Diplomacy (T. Roosevelt) • “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick” • The Roosevelt Corollary: extended Monroe Doctrine to say the US would intervene in Central and South American if it was in the US interest • Angered many Central/South American countries – bullying our way around the western hemisphere • US did intervene, proving it would back up it’s stand • TRoosevelt would also intervene between Japan and Russia. He helped settle a war between these two countries by negotiating a deal • TR won the Nobel Peace Prize for this action

29. Dollar Diplomacy (H. Taft) • Replace bullets with dollars; aimed at creating allies instead of enemies • US would invest in countries to try to strengthen their economies • Policy did not succeed as well as Taft had hoped • Results not always profitable • US businesses sometimes were taken over, lost investment • Created enemies because the elite in the central/south American countries would pocket the money meant to help their countries • Anti-American/Anti-Imperialism protests grew

30. Moral Diplomacy (W. Wilson) • Wilson believed US should use moral and legal standards to base foreign policy on • Mexico – US intervention created even more anti-American feelings in Latin America. • Revolution forced dictator out. New leader promised reforms but could not make them happen in a country so impoverished. That leader forced out and killed • US unsure how to deal with new leader. Big US investments pressured Wilson to recognize leader, but Wilson viewed him as a “butcher” • Wilson’s policy had US intervening in Mexican politics. US supported leaders main opposition, blocked supplies. • Pancho Villa – a rebel who opposed US intervention, began attacking US interests and citizens. • General Pershing sent to capture Villa. Army went into Mexico to pursue him. Leader demanded US leave. Bloody clashes occurred. • While Mexico will finally stabilize, US interests take a major hit. US influence challenged

31. Debating America’s New Role • Anti-Imperialists • Moral and Political Arguments “Liberty for ALL” • The Constitution should follow the flag • Racial Arguments • “Manifest Destiny” • Only went to areas of different races (Asia, Central/South America) • Feared different races would come to America • Economic Arguments • Cost more than it gained • Compulsory military VERY EXPENSIVE to maintain • Incoming immigrants from new territories would compete for jobs • Imported goods (cheap) would compete with American made products

32. Pro-Imperialism Debate • Pro-Imperialism • A “New Frontier” –after conquering the west, we needed new lands to explore • A Celebration of American tradition and spirit – rewarded the entrepreneurial efforts of US business • Economic – Need to access foreign markets • “Great White Fleet” – sent abroad to demonstrate the POWER of the US military • Viewed from Abroad • US often propped up unpopular governments which created much opposition in that country • “Yankee Go Home” • Power of the US, both militarily and economically, made the rest of the world recognize the US as a world power. The US became one of the “Go To” countries when help was needed • The US, still today, has to balance how much to intervene in areas that are of concern to our economic and security needs

33. Expansion-Need to Knows • Economic • Technological Advancements • Creation of “Big Business” • Unions and their struggles • US Territory • Push-Pull of Immigration • New Industries (Mining, Ranching, Farming) • Myths of the West • US as a World Power • Pressure to Expand • Spanish-American War • New Foreign Policies (Big Stick, Dollar, Moral) • Debate on Imperialism