Rome

1. Rome 264 – 133 BC

2. Plan for rest of term: • Last assessment due: Friday SEPTEMBER 4. • Week’s 5 and 6: Finish Rome. • Week’s (6), 7, 8, 9: Revision. • Week 10: Your excursion week.

3. Roman Leaders: FabiusMaximus • His cautious delaying tactics (hence the nickname “delayer,”) during the early stages of the Second Punic War (218–201). • This gave Rome time to recover its strength and take the offensive against the invading Carthaginian army of Hannibal.

4. Roman Leaders: FabiusMaximus • A critic of Scipio. • Accused Scipio of allowing his troops to mutiny (a small number of Scipio’s men had mutinied when Scipio feel ill). • Was elected to five consulships, in 233, 228, 215, 214, and 209.

5. Roman Leaders: Scipio Africanus • Saved his father’s life in battle at Ticinus. • Fought at Cannae and survived battle. • When he became general he lead a force of ships and troops and attacked Carthage in Spain. • He attacked the city of New Carthage in Spain. • Scipio studied Hannibal’s tactics and copied them.

6. Roman Leaders: Scipio Africanus • Once he defeated Carthage on Spanish soil he returned to Rome victorious and reminded the Senate of his achievements. • He was awarded the province of Sicily. • He was elected Consul and took his troops to invade North Africa and threatened the city of Carthage itself. • He defeated Hannibal at Zama.

7. Roman Leaders: Flamininus • Lived in Greece for many years, signing treaties and alliances to secure Rome’s dominance. • Considered a philhelene; someone influenced and appreciative of Greek culture. • He was highly popular among Greeks. • Enjoyed the trust of the Roman nobility, who gave him a military role in Greece over Scipio.

8. Roman Leaders: Flamininus • H. Scullard on Flamininus’s promotion: • “The Roman nobility as a whole probably feared to entrust him with a first-class military command which would give him the chance of placing the Roman people deeply in his debt.” • What is going on here between Flamininus and the Roman nobility?

9. Roman Leaders: Scipio Aemilianus • Scipio Aemilianus or Scipio Africanus the Younger. • He commanded at the final siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 BC. • He was a leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi in 133 BC.

10. Roman Leaders: Scipio Aemilianus • The Gracchi brothers: • Tiberius and Gaius. • Two tribunes in 2nd century BC who attempted to pass land reform legislation in Ancient Rome. • These reforms would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians.

11. Roman Leaders: Cato the Elder • Opposed to Greek cultural influence on Roman life. • Cato had a reputation for honesty and his hostility to non-Roman influences. • Cato had been Scipio’s quaestor in Sicily. • Cato had an unfavourable attitude towards Scipio. • Cato perceived Scipio as too lenient to his troops, and too heavily influenced by Greek culture.

12. Roman Leaders: Cato the Elder • Cato led a campaign in the Senate to downplay the achievements of Roman generals and support the authority of the Senate and Roman politics. • He denied the triumphs of some of the Roman generals. • Cato became known for his hatred of Scipio. • He poisoned Scipio’s later life through trials and accusations.

13. First Punic War • Once Rome dominated Italy it became a world power. • This brought it into competition with Carthage, the existing power in the Mediterranean. • In the First Punic War Rome and Carthage fought over control of Sicily. • During this conflict Rome developed a naval power and controlled the seas in the Mediterranean. • Sicily became Rome’s first province. • This war laid the foundations for resentments that spilled over in the Second Punic war.

14. Impact of the wars of expansion • Changes linked to expansion (a summary): • Growth of the Great Estates, • Increase in number of slaves, • More wealth for the already rich, • Wealthy women became more independent, • Shift towards city living and rise of an urban class, • Rise of a new Equestrian class, • Larger armies sourced from a greater range of subjects/citizens. • Revise Pamela Bradley Handout 2, pages 196-207.

15. Hellenism: spread and influence • When Scipio defeated Antiochus in the Greek East he freed the Greek cities of Asia Minor. • This led to Greek culture spreading into Rome. • A “Scipionic circle” developed of cultured men interested in Greek ways of life. • Hellenism = Greek culture. • Elements of Greek culture began to feature in Roman life. • This included: literature, music, art, food, religion, education, Oratory & Rhetoric, philosophy. • A fashion for things Greek swept Rome.

16. Second Punic War • After the First Punic War Hannibal swore revenge on Rome. • The Ebro Treaty was established which kept Rome out of Spain, and Carthage could not cross the river. • However, the town of Saguntum was loyal to Rome but in Carthaginian territory. • Hannibal felt it was being used to undermine Carthage and attacked it. • This began the Second Punic War.

17. Second Punic War • Hannibal invaded Italy and Rome fought a defensive war for over 10 years. • Major battles included: Ticinus, Trebia, Trasimene, Cannae. • FabiusMaximus elected dictator after these defeats. • Maximus used the strategy of delay. • Scipio became general and reversed this policy to one of attack, and invaded Africa. • This forced Hannibal back to Africa and he was defeated at Zama.

18. Carthaginian leaders: HamilcarBarca • Hamilcar Barca died in 229 or 228 BC, Carthaginian general. • Assigned the command in Sicily in 247 in the First Punic War. • From mountain bases near Palermo he made repeated raids on the Romans and relieved the Punic garrison in Lilybaeum. • However, the Carthaginians were defeated. • Hamilcar negotiated the terms of the peace that led to Carthage's withdrawal from Sicily.

19. Carthaginian leaders: Hasdrubal • Hasdrubal died: 221 BC, Carthaginian general. • He fought under his father-in-law, Hamilcar Barca in Africa and in Spain, where he succeeded (in 229 or 228 BC) Hamilcar as general. • He increased the empire in Spain, where he founded Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena, or New Carthage in the ancient world). • By treaty with Rome (226 BC), he fixed the northern boundary of Carthaginian Spain at the Ebro River.

20. Carthaginian leaders: Hannibal • From his father, Hamilcar Barca, the defender of Sicily in the First Punic War, he learned to hate Rome. • He succeeded as general in Spain on the death of his brother-in-law, Hasdrubal, in 221 BC. • After consolidating his position for two years, he besieged Rome's ally Saguntum, which fell eight months later. • Carthage supported him, and Rome declared war (the Second Punic War, 218-201 BC).

21. Consequences of the Punic Wars • The Carthaginians were forced to: • Pay reparations for damage to Rome; • Return all prisoners of war; • Surrender all elephants and war ships; • Were forbidden to declare war on other states; • Provide Rome with grain for the army. • Pay 10,000 talents of silver over 50 years. • Hand over one hundred hostages.

22. Destruction of Carthage • Carthage declared war on a king named Masinissa. • This leads to accusations by the Romans that they were on the war path again. • In 149 BC Scipio Aemilianus besieges Carthage from the land and blockades it from the sea. • Carthage is sacked and destroyed in 146 BC. • This was the result of fear and hatred towards Carthage from the Punic Wars. • Read and summarise “The Destruction of Carthage” in your Rome handout.

23. Wars in the Greek East:First Macedonian War • Philip V of Macedonia took advantage of Hannibal’s invasion of Italy. • He formed an alliance with Hannibal and expanded his territory. • The Roman Senate had to use allies and send a small force to contain Philip V. • After Zama Rome was able to address Philip V. • Philip asked for peace on the condition he kept his newly won lands. • In 205 Scipio agreed and made a treaty that prevented Philip from expanding further or assisting Carthage.

24. Wars in the Greek East:Second Macedonian War • In 202 BC Philip V and Antiochus III from Syria arranged to divide the remains of the Egyptian Empire between them. • Greeks who had fallen under Philip V’s control called for help from Rome. • Rome sent ambassadors to Philip to leave the areas of Rome’s allies, and he refused. • The Roman Consul Galba prepared am army and attacked. • In 198 BC Flamninius became commander and continued the war.

25. Wars in the Greek East:Second Macedonian War • The major battle took place at Cynoscephalae in 197 BC. • Here the Roman army and its tactics fought the Greek phalanx of Alex. The Great and won. • The phalanx was too rigid and the Romans were able to maneuver around it. • A treaty was formed which forced Philip to give up his Greek territories, but he remained in power.

26. Wars in the Greek East:Third Macedonian War • Perseus was the son of Philip V and took throne in 179 BC. • In 172 BC Emenes king of Pergamum, a Roman ally, accused Perseus of entering his territory. • This led to war and Marcius Philippus sent legions to Macedonia. • In 168 BC a new Roman general, Paullus, attacked Perseus and defeated him, and captured him at Pydna. • Macedonia was then broken up into 4 smaller republics.

27. Wars in the Greek East:Fourth Macedonian War • The political situation in Greece remained unstable. • There were no permanent troops, and piracy thrived. • In 149 BC Andriscus claimed to be the son of Perseus. • He reunited the four republics into 1 Macedonia. • Metellus of Rome defeated him and forced him from the region. • After this Greeks revolted against Rome and Metellus marched to repress them. • After this the Hellenistic world became part of the Roman empire, after 80 years of campaigning.

28. Changes in Roman navy and land warfare • During the First Punic War Rome became a naval power. • The corvus allowed Rome to use her legionnaires at sea (the first ‘Marines’). • During the Punic wars Rome allowed a wider range of men into the military: slaves; prisoners; younger men; older men.

29. Changes in Roman navy and land warfare • The Roman army was organised into divisions: • Hastati: front line in the attack; young men well armed. • Principes: more experienced soldiers in the second line of attack. • Triarii: veterans, were used as reserves and as the last resort. Had great experience.

30. Political Conditions and problems • After Cannae, for example, the loss of so many Roman leaders meant that offices were held for longer periods of time. • Customs in regards to offices were ignored as the Punic wars dragged on. • Roman generals began to use their success to influence the Roman people. • This meant that the Senate and nobility were out-maneuvered.

31. Political Conditions and problems • The Roman nobility, and senators such as Cato, began to distrust powerful generals. • Because the plebians had achieved a greater participation, the voice of the people became very important in Roman politics. • However, the vote of the people could be precarious and change often.

32. Provincial Administration and Tax • Provinces were Roman territories outside of Italy. • They paid tax to Rome. • They were ruled by appointed Roman governors. • Provinces had no control over foreign policy. • Governors were under the control of the Senate in Rome.

33. Provincial Administration and Tax • The law under which the provinces were administered was called: • LexProvinciae= Rights & Responsibilities. • Tax from the provinces meant that Roman citizens themselves paid no tax. • Roman tax collectors in the provinces were the Publicani. • Governors often obtained their positions through bribes and corruption.

34. Provincial Administration and Tax • Corruption led to: • Over taxation of provincial populations. • High interest rates. • Bribes in courts. • Overall Rome brought to provinces the following: • Improved law and order. • Roads and public works. • Increased economic wealth and trade. • Better rulers, despite some who were corrupt.