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Persians Wars and the defense of demokratia : Phase I, 499-490 BCE

Persians Wars and the defense of demokratia : Phase I, 499-490 BCE. Darius I, 522-486. Darius at Persepolis, the capital of Persia – the world’s first superpower. After Kleisthenes : demokratia undergoes its first tests. Kleisthenes disappears from history

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Persians Wars and the defense of demokratia : Phase I, 499-490 BCE

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  1. Persians Wars and the defense of demokratia:Phase I, 499-490 BCE Darius I, 522-486

  2. Darius at Persepolis, the capital of Persia – the world’s first superpower

  3. After Kleisthenes: demokratia undergoes its first tests • Kleisthenes disappears from history • 506: Kleomenes (supporter of Isagoras vs. Kleisthenes in 508/7) attacks Athens – “This proved … how noble a thing freedom is” (Hdt. Histories5.78) • Ca. 506: Athens wages war with Boeotia and emerges as an international power, though with a modest fleet • Ca. 506-500: Athens establishes cleruchies (klêrouchoi) in Boeotia and on Salamis – allotments of land to Athenian citizens • 496/5: political tensions remain when Hipparchos, grandson of Hippias, is elected eponymous archon (evidence of on-going Peisistratid presence in Athens)

  4. Peloponnesian League ca. 500-490

  5. Impact of Kleisthenes’ reforms • Oversight by Boule of all magistrates (incl. impeachment), public works, foreign affairs, legislation (with tribes in prytany) • Strengthening of Bouleand dêmos • 10 regiments of hoplites, cavalry led by strategoi • Archonships still open to top 2 classes only andpolemarchos commander-in-chief (Kallimachos in 490 BCE) • Areopagus limited to murder cases • Dikasteria, Heliaia handle all other judicial cases • Result: political, military, economic and judicial preparedness • Post-Marathon: • Implementation of ostracism 488/7 (in wake of return of Hippias) • Archons chosen by lot 487/6 (in wake of Kallimachos’ dithering?) • Strategoi elected, one per tribe, 487/6 (ibid.)

  6. Opening of hostilities: 499-494 Ionian revolt

  7. Ionian revolt, 499-494 BCE:Hdt. 5.97, 100-103, 105; 6.18, 21 in D&G 7.2-5 • Begun by tyrant of Miletos, Aristagoras, after failed plan to help Naxian exiled aristocrats with help from Persia • Aristagoras and father-in-law Histiaios then instigate revolt of Ionian cities, deposing tyrants, adopting isonomiaas the principle of the Panionion • Aristagoras persuades Athens and Eretria on Euboea to supply (20+5) shipsEphesus, sack Sardis, lose at Ephesus • Miletos sacked; Battle of Lade 494; Mardonios establishes democracies in Ionian poleis (under Persian rule) • Athenians and Darius: “Remember the Athenians” (Hdt. 5.105.2) • Phrynichos’ The Capture of Miletos – tearful audience, play-wright fined “for reminding [the Athenians] of a domestic disaster” (Hdt. 6.21.2)

  8. Invasions: Mardonius 494-2 (Thrace, Macedonia) Diplomacy in 491: “earth and water” (Athens: execution; Sparta: the well)Invasion: Datis 490 (CiliciaNaxos, Delos, Karystos)

  9. Invasion of Datis: Delos  KarystosEretria (city betrayed, temples sacked)  MarathonPhilippides’ Sparta (Hdt. 6.101-7 in D&G 7.7); festival EretriaX Route of Datis’ fleet X Karystos

  10. Plain of Marathon Marathon Bay Persian cavalry Persian fleet Persian camp Greek camp at sanctuary of Herakles Soros

  11. Marathon Beach, Hippias’ dream and his violent sneezing & coughing (Hdt. 6.107)

  12. Marathon: Phase 1Kallimachospolemarchos, Miltiades strategos(Hdt. 6.109-117 in D&G 7.8)

  13. Greek hoplite and Persian soldier

  14. Marathon, Phase 2 (pictured)Phase 3 (fighting at the ships & deaths of Kallimachos and Kynegeiros – Hdt. 6.114 in D&G 7.8) Fighting at the ships

  15. Marathon’s Soros: 192 Athenian and Plataean dead(burial site of 6400 Persians unknown)Rumors of Alkmaionid betrayal; Spartan tourism and Athenian arête, timê, kleos(Hdt. 6.120-124 in D&G 7.9) “… they always bury [in the public grave] those who died in war, except those at Marathon: as they judged their valor to be outstanding, they made their tomb on the spot” (Thuc. 2.34.5 in D&G 7.16).

  16. Aftermath: Marathon to AthensPheidippides’ 26 miles, 385 yards (Plut. On the Glory of Athens) Route of Athenian hoplites X Route of Pheidippides? Route of Datis’ fleet

  17. Athens / Acropolis from Piraeus

  18. Athenian Treasury, Delphi, 490 BCE

  19. Inscription in front of the Athenian Treasury, Delphi (D&G 7.14) ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΙ Τ[Ο]Ι ΑΠΟΛΛΟΝ[Ι ΑΠΟ ΜΕΔ]ΟΝ ΑΚ[ΡΟΘ]ΙΝΙΑ ΤΕΣ ΜΑΡΑΘ[Ο]ΝΙ Μ[ΑΧΕΣ] Ἀθηναῖοιτ[ο]ῖ Ἀπόλλον[ι ἀπὸ Μέδ]ων ἀκ[ροθ]ίνια τῆς Μαρα[θ]όνι μ[άχες.]Athenaioi t[o]iApollon[iapo Med]on ak[roth]iniates Mara[th]oni m[axes.]The Athenians to Apollo, from the Medes, as first fruits of the battle of Marathon.

  20. StoaPoikile(“Painted Stoa”), Agora, ca. 460 BCE

  21. Pausanias on the painting of Marathon in the StoaPoikileand on Aeschylus’ epitaph(Description of Greece, 2nd c. CE) “At the end of the painting are those who fought at Marathon; the … Plataeans and the Attic contingent are coming to blows with the foreigners. In this place neither side has the better, but the center of the fighting shows the foreigners in flight and pushing one another into the morass, while at the end of the painting are the Phoenician ships, and the Greeks killing the foreigners who are scrambling into them …. Of the fighters the most conspicuous figures in the painting are Callimachus, who had been elected commander-in-chief by the Athenians … [and] Miltiades, one of the generals” (1.15.3). “Marathon … is the victory of which I am of opinion the Athenians were proudest; while Aeschylus, who had won such renown for his poetry and for his share in the naval battles before Artemisium and at Salamis, recorded at the prospect of death nothing else, and merely wrote his name, his father's name, and the name of his city, and added that he had witnesses to his valor in the grove at Marathon and in the Persians who landed there” (1.14.5).

  22. Miltiades’ dedicatory helmet: “Miltiades” Dedications at Olympia, 490 BCE Persian dedicatory helmet: “The Athenians from the Medes to Zeus”

  23. Remembering Marathon 100 years later “So was it when the Persians came, and their attendant hosts, with a very great armament, to wipe out Athens from the face of the earth--the men of Athens had the heart to withstand them and conquered them. Then they vowed to Artemis that for every man they slew of the enemy, they would sacrifice to the goddess as many goats; and when they could not find sufficient goats to honor the slain, they resolved to offer five hundred annually; and to this day they perform that sacrifice” (Xenophon Anabasis 3.2.12).

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