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Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia. Phylum Survey. Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Covered in Lab 6. Sea anemone (Cnidaria) with symbiotic fish. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies).

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Kingdom Animalia

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  1. Kingdom Animalia

  2. Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Covered in Lab 6 Sea anemone (Cnidaria) with symbiotic fish

  3. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) • Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have tissues • Embryos with ectoderm, endoderm. Diploblastic. Have epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea. • Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack ___________ • Small group: 100 species

  4. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) • Have mouth and anal pore (complete digestive tract) • Have comblike plates of fused cilia, used to swim.

  5. Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) • Many are ________________

  6. Importance • Invasive species • North American comb jelly • About 10 cm in length • Predatory: eats small fish and fish larvae.

  7. Introduced into Black Sea in ship ballast • Now in Caspian Sea, some in Mediterranean.

  8. Importance • Detected in 1982 • By 1989 was ____% of biomass in Black Sea • Destroyed $250 million/yr fishery there.

  9. Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Covered in Lab 6 Sea anemone (Cnidaria) with symbiotic fish

  10. Eumetazoa: Bilaterian Acoelomates • Bilateral symmetry • Acoelomates: no body cavity, but 3 embryonic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) • Focus on Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

  11. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • 20,000 species. Most (75%) are parasites. Others aquatic or soil terrestrial habitats Marine flatworm Planaria

  12. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Dorsoventrally flattened • Body solid: only cavity is __________ • Gut is incomplete (1 opening). Digestion mainly intracellular.

  13. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Have head, organs. Pharynx: acts as mouth and anus

  14. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Have excretory system (protonephridia, containing flame cells) • Control water content, excrete wastes thru excretory pore

  15. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Lack ______________ system. All cells must be close to gut or epidermis to receive oxygen and food (gut highly branched to aid this)

  16. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Monoecious (hermaphroditic): make both eggs (in ovaries) and sperm (in testes).

  17. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Class Turbellaria (turbellarians) • Class Trematoda (flukes) • Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

  18. Class Turbellaria (turbellarians) • Free-living. 4500 species. Ex, Dugesia (planarian) • In lab #6 • ___________ help them move • Have ocelli (eyespots), statocysts (detect gravity).

  19. Class Turbellaria (turbellarians) • Includes gorgeous free-living marine worms

  20. Class Trematoda (flukes) • Parasites. >10,000 species named. • Lack ____________ organs • Have digestive system, ovary, testis. • Oral sucker to hold onto host.

  21. Class Trematoda (flukes) • Life cycles complex. Often larvae in snails, may have intermediate host, adults in vertebrate host (usually)

  22. Class Trematoda (flukes) • Schistosomiasis: caused by blood fluke (Schistosoma) • About 1/20 of global human population infected • Kills 800,000 people/yr!

  23. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • 3500 species named. • Intestinal parasites of vertebrate animals • Lack sense organs as adults, lack digestive systems. Absorb ________ from host thru worm’s body wall

  24. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Scolex (head) with hooks, suckers to hang on • Proglottids: segments behind head

  25. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • New proglottids produced by _________ just behind scolex • Each proglottid has testes, ovaries • Sperm exit genital pore of one proglottid and enter that of another

  26. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Fertilized eggs stored in _________ of proglottid • Eventually proglottids break off and are passed out in feces

  27. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Beef tapeworm: Adult in human intestine • Eggs passed, hatch, crawl on grass, eaten by cattle

  28. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Larva encysts in beef, eaten by person • Becomes adult worm in small intestine.

  29. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Beef tapeworm (1% of U.S. cattle infected) A few too many tapeworms....

  30. Class Cestoda (tapeworms) • Tapeworm record (human): 10 m! • All time: whale tapeworm (30 m long)

  31. Pseudocoelomates • Have body cavity (no peritoneum) • Organs suspended in body cavity • Cavity filled with ______ under pressure. Gives shape to body, allows efficient movement

  32. Pseudocoelomates • Cavity provides: • 1) space for organs to grow or enlarge (stomach after meal) • 2) storage space (gametes, wastes)

  33. Pseudocoelomates • Lack circulatory system. Fluids moving in pseudocoel move materials about • Digestive tract ___________ (mouth, anus)

  34. Pseudocoelomates • Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) • Phylum Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs) • Phylum Loricifera (loriciferans) • several others

  35. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Ubiquitous. 12,000 named species, barely explored. • Bilateral symmetry, unsegmented, ______ • Muscles run length of body (motion side-to-side or whiplike)

  36. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Dioecious (separate male and female individuals) • Have excretory system: renette cells and collecting tubules

  37. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Intestine, anus • Cuticle: flexible outer covering • Pharynx: muscular chamber • Excretory and genital pores

  38. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 1) role in food chains • Abundant: spadeful of soil may contain 1 million nematodes • Widespread: Found in all __________ on Earth

  39. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 2) human parasites • Ex, Trichinella (cause of trichinosis) • Juveniles burrow into host muscles (incl. heart muscle) • Commonly contracted by eating undercooked pork

  40. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Trichinosis story • Common in wild animals, incl. polar bears • 1897: Swedish explorers in hydrogen balloon • Were stranded without supplies when balloon failed. Killed and ate polar bear, but raw since had no fire • Rescued, but _________ of trichinosis

  41. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 2) human parasites • Ex, hookworms • Juveniles enter skin (often feet), reach lungs (gross part: being “coughed up”!), move to intestine • Affects about 25% of humans!

  42. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 2) human parasites • Ex, pinworm • Live in large intestine (not too dangerous) • Grossest part: _________________ • Lesson: wash your hands after using the bathroom!

  43. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 2) human parasites • Ex, elephantiasis • Juvenile worms carried by mosquito • Injected into host, mature in lymph nodes (lymph system drains fluids from tissues)

  44. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 2) human parasites • Ex, elephantiasis • Buildup of worms can clog lymph system, so fluid collects in body parts

  45. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 3) plant pathogens • Some nematodes can cause severe crop damage

  46. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • Importance: • 4) insect pathogens: useful for ___________ • Can infect some species of pest insects with nematodes (can kill in few days) Infected Colorado potato beetle

  47. Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) • About 2000 species. Freshwater mostly. • Small (50-500 micrometers), multicellular • Corona on top of head. Cilia ring, used for feeding and locomotion.

  48. Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) • Some species lack males. Females lay eggs that develop into new females with no fertilization (___________________).

  49. Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) • Importance: major group in freshwater systems (abundant and widespread)

  50. Coelomates: Mollusks and Annelids

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