Body Organization

1. Body Organization Anatomy Terminology and Tissues

3. Caduceus (kuh-DOO-see-us) • Staff with two entwined snakes and two wings at the top, symbolizing a physician. • The Greek god Hermes (“Mercury”), who served as herald and messenger to the other gods, carried a winged staff entwined with two snakes. • Used as a medical symbol by commercial companies (drug companies) and military.

4. Staff of Asclepius (a-SKLEEP-ee-us) • The staff of Asclepius, the god of healing, had one snake and no wings. • This is the symbol used by the American Medical Association.

5. ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY BY SYSTEMS During the semester, we will study Anatomy by these systems: • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular system • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Gastrointestinal (Digestive) • Renal (urinary) • Reproductive • Embryology But, before we can study these systems, you need the following introductory lecture.

6. Para-Sagittal plane Body Planes • Frontal (Coronal) • Sagittal • Transverse Sagittal plane

7. Body Planes and Sections • Frontal (coronal) plane • Lies vertically and divides body or organ into anterior and posterior parts. • Sagittal plane • Divides right from left side of body or organ • Midsagittal (median) plane • Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into EQUAL right and left sides • Parasagittal plane • Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides • Transverse plane • Divides body or organ into superior-inferior parts

8. Movements in the Body Planes • Frontal (coronal) plane motion • Frontal plane motion is that of washing a window in front of you. • Sagittal plane motion • Sagittal plane motion is that of rubbing your palms together in front of you. • Transverse plane motion • Transverse plane motion is that of polishing a coffee table.

9. Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.5

10. Banana Sectioned into Planes Transverse plane Sagittal plane Frontal plane Figure 1.6

11. Body Regions • Axial Region (down midline of body) • Appendicular Region (limbs)

12. Body Cavities Figure 1.8a

13. Body Cavities Figure 1.8b

14. REGIONS OF THE BODY • 1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body) • a) Head • b) Neck • c) Trunk (has 3 parts) 1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs. • Pectoral Region (chest) • Costal ( rib) margin 2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs Lumbar region (low back) • Gluteal region (buttocks) 3) Pelvis (covered by the G-String) Contains urinary, and reproductive organs Inguinal region (Groin)

15. REGIONS OF THE BODY • 2. Appendicular Region (limbs) a) Upper Limbs 1) Axilla (armpit) 2) Arm (Brachium): shoulder to elbow Antecubital fossa (inside of elbow, where blood is drawn) 3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm! 4) Wrist 5) Hand: 5 digits: 4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges; Pollex: Thumb Palmar surface: Palm

16. Cubital fossa: inside of elbow • Cubit is a unit of length: from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger • About 18 inches

17. REGIONS OF THE BODY • 2. Appendicular Region (limbs) b) Lower Limbs 1) Thigh (hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg! 2) Leg (knee to ankle). Calf (back of the leg) Popliteal region (behind knee) 3) Ankle 4) Foot: 5 digits Hallux: big toe Plantar surface: sole of foot

18. Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test) Figure 1.4a

19. Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test) Figure 1.4b

20. Anatomical Position • The body standing erect, facing forward, feet together, toes pointed anteriorly, hands at one’s side, fingers pointing inferiorly, and palms facing forward. • Once the body is in this position (or imagined to be in this position,) the positional terms can be used correctly.

21. Anatomical Position Anatomical Position The person is standing up straight The palms face anteriorly The knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent) The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly Left and Right: yours or the patient’s? Figure 1.3

22. Positional Terms • These are terms used to describe the position of certain structures on the body. • Note: These are “relative terms.” This means that these words are usually used in relating the position of one body structure to another. You can’t say, “He is shorter”. You have to say, “He is shorter than John”. • Incorrect: the nose is medial • Correct: the nose is medial to the ears

23. Positional Terms • Anterior/Ventral: towards the front of the body (includes palms and soles) • Posterior/Dorsal: towards the back of the body • Superior: towards the head • Inferior: towards the feet • Medial (NOT MIDDLE): towards the midline of body • Lateral: away from the midline of the body • Superficial (external): toward the external environment • Deep (internal): towards the most internal part of the body • Proximal: towards the heart • Distal: away from the heart • Supine: Laying on one’s back • Prone: Laying on one’s stomach

24. Sample questions • Skin is ____ to the muscles. • Bones are _____ to the muscles. • The nose is _____ to the ears. • The shoulders are _____ to the elbows. • The wrists are ____ to the elbows. • The upper extremities are ____ to the abdomen. • The thumb is ______ to the pinky.

25. Sample questions • Skin is superficial to the muscles. • Bones are deep to the muscles. • The nose is anterior (or medial) to the ears. • The shoulders are proximal (or superior) to the elbows. • The wrists are distal (or inferior) to the elbows. • The upper extremities are lateral to the abdomen. • The thumb is lateral to the pinky.

26. NOTE • Use the term “Internal”, NOT “Interior” when referring to areas inside the body.

27. Positional Terms

28. Positional Terms (Skip)

29. Positional Terms

30. Movement Terms • Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint • Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical position • Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position • In the foot, there are special terms used instead of flexion/extension: • Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise the toes up in the air. When you stand on your heels with your toes up in the air, you are dorsiflexing your ankle joints. • Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes downward. When you stand on your toes, you are plantarflexing your ankle joints.

31. Flexion and Extension

32. Flexion and Extension

33. Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Hyperextension Extension

34. Movement Terms • Abduction: to move a body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, as in moving your arms out to your right and left side. • Adduction: to move a body part toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane, as in moving your arms from the an abducted position, back to your sides. • Circumduction: to move a body part in a circle • Rotation: to pivot a body part around an axis, as in shaking the head “no”

35. Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction

36. Movement Terms • Internal Rotation: to move a limb toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane • External Rotation:to move a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane These two terms are usually used to describe motions of the shoulder or hips.

37. Internal Rotation External Rotation

38. Movement Terms • Inversion: turning the body part toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the feet cannot really turn medially in the sagittal plane because of the shape of the ankle joint. • Eversion: turning the body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the feet cannot really turn laterally in the sagittal plane because of the shape of the ankle joint.

39. Movements of the Hand or Foot Only Supination and Pronation are movements in three planes. • Supination • Inversion • Adduction • Dorsiflexion • Pronation • Eversion • Abduction • Plantarflexion

40. Pronation Supination

41. Pronation and Supination Supination Pronation Supination Figure 9.6a

42. Common Confusion of POSITIONS vs. MOVEMENTS • Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down. • Pronation: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned downward (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face posterior). The foot can also be pronated; the sole turns laterally away from the body. Pronation of the foot is a tri-plane movement of plantarflexion, abduction, and eversion. • Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is laying on the back. • Supination: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned upward, like holding a bowl of soup (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face anterior). The foot can also be supinated; the sole turns medially towards the body. Supination of the foot is a tri-plane movement of dorsiflexion, adduction, and inversion.

43. Shoulder and Hip Movements • Know the difference between these movements at the shoulder and hip: • Adduction/Abduction: moving your arms/thighs away from the body laterally • Flexion/Extension: moving your arms/thighs away from the body in front of you in the sagittal plane.

44. Movement Terms • Protraction – to project a body part anteriorly, such as the shoulders or jaw • Retraction – to pull a body part posteriorly

45. Movement Terms • Elevation – lifting a body part superiorly • Depression – lowering a body part inferiorly

46. Movement Terms • Opposition – movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers

47. Body Cavities and Membranes Figure 1.9a, b

48. Body Cavities and Membranes Figure 1.9c

49. or Rx means “prescription” • The "R" in "Rx" stands for the Latin word "recipe," meaning "take“. • Those two letters were a 19th-century take on a 16th-century symbol, the letter R with a line through its slanted leg—the line signaling that the "R" is functioning as an abbreviation. • It wasn't till the early 20th century that "Rx" came to be used as the noun we know today.

50. Other Anatomy Terms • Idiopathic • "a disease or condition the cause of which is not known or that arises spontaneously". From Greek idios (one's own) + pathos (suffering). • Iatrogenic • "originating from a physician" is preventable harm resulting from medical treatment or advice to patients.