Eighth Grade English Benchmark Period Two Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics PASS Standards and Objectives

1. Eighth Grade EnglishBenchmark Period TwoGrammar, Usage, and MechanicsPASS Standards and Objectives

2. PASS GUM 3.1.a. Identify the principal parts of verbs to form verb tenses. Ollie speaking… Yes, Apple, I have my notes on principal parts of verbs… You’ve forgotten them, you say? Uh huh… Yeah, I’m on vacation again… Uh huh…here in Aruba. They are present, past, and past participle… Uh, Apple...uh…where did you get this number?

3. PASS GUM 3.1.a. Identify the principal parts of verbs to form verb tenses. Now, I need to figure out my summer school homework... Oh Ollie, you’re awesome!Hope you’re having an awesome time at the beach! Uh huh…Thanks for the awesome help! • Apple (had ran, had run) after Ollie for three years, but she could not make him like her. • 2. Apple baked cookies for Ollie, but Ollie said that he had already (ate, eaten) his dinner. • 3. Ollie said, “I’ve (went, gone) on vacation two times to get away from Apple. • 4. Apple said, “I (sung, sang) in the choir with Ollie last year, and we had a lot of fun.” • 5. Apple said to herself, “I’ve (fell, fallen) in love with Ollie, and that’s all there is to it. Write down what you think are the correct verb forms. Answers are on the next slide.

4. PASS GUM 3.1.a. Identify the principal parts of verbs to form verb tenses. • Apple (had ran, had run) after Ollie for three years, but she could not make him like her. • 2. Apple baked cookies for Ollie, but Ollie said that he had already (ate, eaten) his dinner. • 3. Ollie said, “I’ve (went, gone) on vacation two times to get away from Apple. • 4. Apple said, “I (sung, sang) in the choir with Ollie last year, and we had a lot of fun.” • 5. Apple said to herself, “I’ve (fell, fallen) in love with Ollie, and that’s all there is to it. This is a good way to think of present, past, and past participle:

5. PASS GUM 3.1.a. Identify the principal parts of verbs to form verb tenses. Yuh, Skye, I could hear it in his voice; Ollie has fell for me! What? Yeah – Oh yes! I have already forgave him for ignoring me. What, Skye? Oh yeah…sure, he has flew down to the beach a couple of times, but I have went on vacation too, you know. It has not took me very long to get over how he likes to take vacations from me. Yuh, Skye, I know he has tore up a few of my love notes, but that’s over! I’ve wrote him a letter that he’ll get when he returns from Aruba. Skye, I just have not gave Ollie enough love in the past. OK…Bye, Skye. I seen Ollie walking this way! Can you help Apple with her verb problems? Did you find all of Apple’s mistakes? Check the next slide to be sure.

6. PASS GUM 3.1.a. Identify the principal parts of verbs to form verb tenses. Use the Principal Parts of Verbs Chart to check Apple’s verb tense choices. Principal Parts of Verbs Past Present Past Participle 1. … Ollie has fell for me! 2. … I have already forgave him… 3. … he has flew down to the beach… 4. …I have went on vacation too, you know. 5. It has not took me very long… 6. …he has tore up a few of my love notes… 7. I’vewrote him a letter… 8. I just have not gave Ollie enough love… 9. I seen Ollie walking this way!

7. PASS GUM 3.1.a. Identify the principal parts of verbs to form verb tenses. So, Ricci, I asked Ms. Pretty, our English teacher, why I have verb tense problems, and she said we use the verb tenses that we grow up hearing. If our friends, relatives, day-care staff, TV personalities, and others around us use verb tenses in a way that is different from standard English, that’s how we’ll use them. That’s what sounds right to us! Yeah, no kidding! We hear it; we say it! She said we just have to learn which ones we use incorrectly, make a list of them, and then memorize the right forms. I’ve already began…uh, I mean begun to make my list! Yeah, Ricci, what did you think? I don’t want to make grammar mistakes all my life!

8. PASS GUM 3.1.b. Make subjects and verbs agree. …but I don’t want a cat! …but it’s so cute… Each of my other boyfriends were happy to get presents! Apple, stop giving me presents! Arrgggh!!! You have bad subject-verb agreement! Each is singular and were is plural! OK, Ollie. Each of my other boyfriends was nowhere near as cute as you!

9. PASS GUM 3.1.b. Make subjects and verbs agree. A singular subject needs a singular verb; a plural subject needs a plural verb. Watch out; it can be tricky! subject prepositional phrase --------verb------- direct objectEach of Apple’s cats (have, has) a little pink collar. verb verb verb subject prepositional ph.(There’s, There are, There is) two cats in the room. Don’t confuse the subject with a prepositional phrase that comes after it! Hey, look! The verb can come before the subject sometimes.

10. With Either…or… and Neither…nor…, we look at the subjectclosest to the verb to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. Either the cator the pillows (has, have) fallen from the couch. Neither Ollie’s friends nor Ollie (is, are) going to Aruba again. Both…and… is always plural because it is like adding two and two! Both Apple and Ollie (is, are) arguing about the cat.

11. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Make subjects and verbs agree. verb verb verb subject ---prepositional(There’s, There is, There are) water cups in Skye’sphrase----------------------------and Apple’s hands. subject subject subject ------verb--------- Neither Skye and Apple nor Ollie (know, knows) ---------------------[noun clause used as direct object]----------------------- how to make subjects and verbs agree properly. _ There are_ (plural) cups (plural) Ollie (singular) _knows_ (singular)

12. PASS GUM 3.1.b. Make subjects and verbs agree. Psst! Correlative Conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that join words or groups of words: both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, whether…or… Now you try: Both the girls and the boy (behave, behaves) well. Either the boy or the girls (have, has) decided to keep the kitten.

13. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Make subjects and verbs agree. “Both…and…” = plural. It’s like math. “Both…and…” = “They.” Both the girlsand the boy (behave, behaves) well. Great job, people! “Either…or…” = singular or plural, depending on what comes right before the verb. Either the boyor the girls (have, has) decided to keep the kitten.

14. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Make subjects and verbs agree. Just remember that the words either, neither, and both function several ways. Look at these examples: Either…or… is a correlative conjunction: it joins words. Either Skye or Ricci(want,wants) to go swimming. Either is an indefinite pronoun: it takes the place of a noun. Pronouns can be subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition, predicate nominatives.Eitherof the girls (want, wants) to go swimming. Either is an adjective: it modifies a noun or pronoun. Either girlcan win the swim meet; either onecan beat the competition.

15. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. Hey, Apple, it’s Ricci! Where are you? Me and Skye are here in Aruba waiting for you! Skye said that you and her could water ski when you get here. There’s the cutest place that Skye found for she and you to have a “spa day”! There’s also a great spot right near the town for you and I to go running. Hurry up and get here ‘cause Skye can’t wait to see you and me try parasailing! Bye! Check out Ricci’s pronoun usage. If you see any errors, make a list. You can check your list in about six or seven slides!

16. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. subject verb --------------direct object-----------------1. Apple likes Skye and (I, me, myself). subject verb -------------indirect object---------------- direct obj.2.Ricci told Skye and (I, me, myself) some gossip.subjectverb dir. obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/obj. of prep.)3.Skye gave a gift to Apple and (I, me, myself). -----------------subjects------------------- verb direct obj.4. Apple and (I, me, myself) like Ricci. Eek! I’m going to miss my flight to Aruba!

17. PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly.Definitions and Examples1.Nominative pronouns – Used as subjects, predicate nominatives2.Objective pronouns – Used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition3.Possessive pronouns – Used to show possession Spring break is so fun for Apple, Ricci, and (I, me).

18. PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. subject verb --------------direct object----------------- Apple likes Skye and (I, me, myself). Apple is the subject. Skye and me are the direct OBJECTS. The direct object receives the action of the verb (like from Apple). Since me is an “object,” you can’t use the pronoun I. You use the pronoun I for “subjects.”

19. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. subject verb indirect--------------------------------object direct obj.Ricci told Skye and (I, me, myself) some gossip. People, I don’t do it the hard way. I just eliminate the “Skye and…” and listen for what sounds right. Listen… Ricci told I some gossip. Ricci toldme some gossip. Ricci toldmyself some gossip. The answer is me.

20. subject verb dir. obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/object of prep.)Skye gave a gift to Apple and (I, me, myself). subjects---------------------------------- verb direct obj.Apple and (I, me, myself) like Ricci. It’s easy; just mentally mark out the “compound element”: Apple and… Then you can listen for the correct pronoun answer! Skye gave a gift to Apple and (I, me, myself). Apple and (I, me, myself) like Ricci.

21. PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. 1. (Me and Skye, Skye and Me, Skye and I) are here in Aruba waiting for you! (I am here…)2. Skye said that (her and you, you and her, she and you) could waterski when you get here.(…she could waterski…)3. There’s the cutest place that Skye found for (she and you, her and you) to have a “spa day”!(…for her to have a “spa day”!) 4. There’s also a great spot right near the town for (you and I, you and me, you and myself) to go running. (…for me to go running.)5. Hurry up and get here ‘cause Skye can’t wait to see (you and me, you and I, you and myself) try parasailing!(…to see me try parasailing!)

22. PASS GUM 3.1.d. Make pronouns agree with their antecedents. Every computer in the lab has (their, its) own personality. Its is a pronoun. Its must “agree” (be matching singular or plural) with the noun that its refers to earlier in the sentence. That’s “pronoun-antecedent agreement.” Now look, people. Computer means one computer. You can’t talk about one computer and then go and say their. Their means more than one. Get it? Match them up, people! Computer is singular; its is singular. Its that simple!

23. PASS GUM 3.1.d.Make pronouns agree with their antecedents. Psst! Great job, people! You’re remembering that the subject of the sentence is never found in a prepositional phrase! Now you try a couple: All of the contestants thought that (his or her, their) science projects were judged fairly. Each of the students wants to do (his or her, their) best.

24. I hope you noticed that All is a plural pronoun. All is the subject. All matches their. They are both plural! Each is singular. Each means “each one.” Each if the subject. Each matches his or her. They are both singular! Psst! I just sort of mentally “cross out” the prepositional phrase. That way, I make sure I have the real subject in sight to match up with any pronouns or verbs. All of the contestants thought that (his or her, their) science projects were judged fairly.Each of the students wants to do (his or her, their) best.

25. PASS GUM 3.1.d. Make pronouns agree with their antecedents. Now try this one: Everybody on our block was late to (his or her, their) bus stop this morning. Hint: Is Everybody a singular or plural pronoun? Everybody…it looks obviously plural…but why would they ask us if it’s obvious…it must be a trick…

26. PASS GUM 3.1.d. Make pronouns agree with their antecedents. Everybody was late to (his or her, their) first hour this morning. Question: Is Everybody a singular or plural pronoun? Answer: Everybody is a singularindefinite pronoun. (We say Everybody is, not Everybody are, right?) So…Everybody and their DO NOT match! I told you it was a trick.

27. PASS GUM 3.1.d. Make pronouns agree with their antecedents. His or her, however, can get kind of awkward! It drives me crazy to hear people say “his or her” over and over and over! Educated people try to think of a way to avoid saying his or her over and over. You could say Everybody was late to first hour… or Everybody was late to school… or The bus was running late.

28. Sometimes when I lie quietly at the spa, I think, “Does anyone use proper grammar like that any longer?” And I hear a far away voice answer, “Yes, little Skye, it is we, the grownups in your future life, who employ standard English and who expect you to use it if you want to succeed after high school and/or make a good salary. Then I sigh and adjust my eye cucumbers and mentally practice irregular past participles. …bring, brang, have brungen…..buy, bought, have boughten….spit, spat, have sputen….

29. PASS GUM 3.1.h.1.Use infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and prepositional phrases to vary sentence structure. PREPOSITIONAL GERUND INFINITIVE PARTICIPIAL

30. PASS GUM 3.1.h.1. Use infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and prepositional phrases to vary sentence structure. INFINITIVE PHRASE infinitive phrase (subject) verb pred. adj.Subject: To count sheepcan be fun.subject verb infinitive phrase (dir. obj.)Direct Object: Skyelikesto count sheep.

31. PASS GUM 3.1.h.1. Use infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and prepositional phrases to vary sentence structure. GERUND PHRASEgerund phrase (subject) verb pred. adj.Subject: Counting sheepcan be fun.subject verb gerund phrase (dir. obj.)Direct Object: Skyelikescounting sheep.subject verb ---prep. phrase Object of Preposition: Skyethinks of with gerund phrase for the object of the preposition--counting sheep.

32. PASS GUM 3.1.h.1. Use infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and prepositional phrases to vary sentence structure. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE----introductory prepositional phrase----- subject verbIn the middle of the night,Skyelookedprepositional phrasefor the sheep.subject verb pred. nom. ------------prepositional phrase-----------Skyefelt better after a good night’s rest-----------prepositional phrase----------in her comfortable bed. We always need a comma after an introductory series of prepositional phrases.

33. PASS GUM 3.1.h.1. Use infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and prepositional phrases to vary sentence structure. PARTICIPIAL PHRASEintro. participial phrase subject verb adverb1.Counting sheep, Skyeslept soundly.------introductory participial phrase------- subject verb dir. obj. 2.Entertained by the sheep, Skyecounted themprepositional phrasein her sleep.subject ------nonessential participial phrase------- verb 3.Skye, dreaming about the sheep, sleptadverbsoundly. We always need commas with introductory participial phrases. We always need commas with nonessential participial phrases.

34. PASS GUM 3.2.b.14.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. What are they, Tia? Jael, parenthetical expressions are like little side remarks. What does that mean? You know, they’re like little interrupters. No, I mean like, in fact, and, of course… Oh, Tia, you are, of course, my only love. Uh, Jael, this cake you made is, in fact, delicious. Oh…like when people burp or hiccup?

35. PASS GUM 3.2.b.14.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. Why are they called “parenthetical” expressions? They are like little explanatory expressions that sound as if they could be in parentheses. Get it? “parentheses…” “parenthetical…” We don’t, of course, really use parentheses around parenthetical expressions; we set them off with commas. A writer should (after all) be able to hear the interruption when (for example) a parenthetical expression is used.

36. PASS GUM 3.2.b.14.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. Commonly used parenthetical expressions: after all, at any rate, by the way, consequently, for example, for instance, however, I believe (hope, etc.), incidentally, in fact, in general, in the first place, meanwhile, moreover, naturally, nevertheless, of course, on the contrary, on the other hand, that is, therefore My boyfriend, by the way, is a great chef. My problem, on the other hand, is eating too much food!

37. PASS GUM 3.2.b.14.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. Parenthetical expressions are “interrupters.” They plop down right in the middle of an independent clause, splitting it open. Yeah…parenthetical expressions can come between subjects and verbs or they can come after the verb. parenthetical -------- subject---------- expression verb dir. object --prep. Jael Cimarron, by the way, is the owner of phrase---------------------------three restaurants. See how ,by the way, splits the sentence in half right between the subject (Jael Cimarron) and the verb (is)!

38. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. subject verb subject verb Ollie is strong; Zippy is energetic. A compound sentence with a semicolon separating its two independent clauses is very sophisticated!

39. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. subject verb predicate adjective Ollie is strong; My independent clause has a subject and verb (Ollieis). Why is Ollie is strong;an independent clause? Hint: Two reasons

40. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. subject verb predicate adjective;Zippy is smart. My independent clause also has a subject and verb (Zippyis). Why is Zippy is smart.an independent clause? Yes! 1. It has a subject and verb and2. It can stand on its own.

41. Write two sentences, each with two independent clauses separated by a semicolon. 1._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

42. PASS GUM 3.2.b.20.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. subject --verb- direct obj. conjunctive adv. sub. adverb verbAndre loves soccer; however, he also lovesdirect obj. (gerund ph.)flying kites. Check it out: Independent Clause #1: Andreloves soccer Independent Clause #2: he also loves flying kites Conjunctive Adverb: ;however,

43. PASS GUM 3.2.b.20.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Commonly Used Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly, additionally, also, anyway, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore Commonly Used Transitional Expressions as a result, at any rate, by the way, for example, for instance, in other words, in addition, in fact, of course, that is Independent clause: 1. Has a subject and verb2. Can stand on its own

44. PASS GUM 3.2.b.20.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Andre, this is Apple. Your kite is awesome! Listen, I have a grammar question. I noticed you listed of course and in fact as transitional expressions to be used between two independent clauses. Well, Jael and Tia said of course and in fact are parenthetical expressions to be used as interrupters in the middle of one independent clause. What’s up with that? Um, also, Ollie said you like me…

45. PASS GUM 3.2.b.20.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. They can be both. Look: subject verbApple, of course,wants a boyfriend.subject verb sub. verbApplelikes Andre; of course,shelikes Ollie also.subject verbAndre,in fact,enjoys soccer.subject verb sub. verbAndreplays soccer; in fact,heis the best player on his team.

46. PASS GUM 3.2.b.20.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Now you write two sentences, each with a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. 1.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

47. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Well, what is a run-on sentence? I’ve been hearing about it since 3rd grade. It’s when you write what are really two sentences, but you run them together without proper punctuation. Run-on Sentence – Two or more sentences written as if they were a single sentence.

48. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. • Ollie and Apple are more than friends, they are in love. • What is the best change, if any, to make to friends, they in the above sentence? • friends theyB. friends; theyC. friends TheyD. No change. Hmm… Two independent clauses… s-v/s-v… Ollie and Apple are / they are… hmm… can’t join 2 indep. clauses with a comma… The answer is B!

49. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Do you know what a fragment is, Ollie-Ollie- Ossum- Hunkey- Pie? Yes, my little Apple Dumpling. It’s when you write a sentence that can’t stand on its own. It’s just part of a sentence. Sentence Fragment – Part of a sentence that is written as if it were a complete sentence.

50. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Pardon my spa wear, people…did I just hear Apple and Ollie are together? Wow! OK -- Let’s review just what you need for a proper sentence. You need a subject (noun or pronoun). You need a verb (action, like run or talk or linking, like is or were or was being). That’s all! Then you can add some prepositional phrases, participial phrases, adjectives, direct objects, appositive phrases, etc. Oops…time for my sauna. See you.