Grammar and usage

1. Grammar and usage

2. Introduction to the attributive clauses 1. An attributive clause modifies a noun in the same way that an adjective or prepositional phrase does. The noun it modifies is called an antecedent. Adjective:the green team Prepositional phrase: the team in green Attributive clause: the team who were wearing green

3. 2. The attributive clauses are usually introduced by relatives like which, that, who, whom，as and whose, or relative adverbs like where, why and when. In the clause. These relative words usually function as the: subject, object, predicative, attribute, adverbial

4. As subject The boy is Tom. The boy is smiling. The boy whois smiling is Tom. The boy is Tom. The boy has a round face. The boywhohas a round face is Tom. The boy is Tom. He sits in front of me. The man whosits in front of me is Tom.

5. The woman got the job. The woman can speak Russian. The womanwhocan speak Russian got the job. The teacher will give us a talk. The teacher is famous. The teacher whois famous will give us a talk.

6. As object The man is kind. Everyone likes him. The man (who)everyone likes is kind. The woman got the job. We saw her in the street. The woman (whom)we saw in the street got the job.

7. The teacher will give us a talk. We met the teacher yesterday. The teacher (whom)we met yesterday will give us a talk. We saw the student just now. He is the best runner in our school. The student whomwe saw just now is the best runner in our school.

8. As predicative Jack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy. Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be. As attribute She has a brother. I can’t remember his name. She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.

9. As adverbial The school is in Shenzhen. He studied in the school. The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.

10. 关系代词 that, which, who, whom 和whose的用法

11. 关系代词who指人，作主语或宾语（作宾语常可省略）；whom指人，作宾语；whose指人，作定语；that指人或物， 作主语、宾语、表语；as指人或物，指代整个主句的内容， 作主语，表语，as的作用接近who和which; which指物或指整个主句的内容，作主语，宾语，表语。

12. 关系代词的用法

13. I. that和which 以下情况，引导词用that，不用which。 1. 先行词为不定代词everything，something, nothing, anything或由few, little，much，all，only, the very等修饰时，常用关系代词that来引导定语从句。如：

14. They go to the newspaper’s own library to look up any informationthat they need. 他们到报社的图书馆去查找他们所需要的资料。 This is the very bookthat I have been looking for. 这正是我在寻找的书。

15. The only thing that matters is to find our way home. 惟一要紧的事是找到回家的路。 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。 如： I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室唯一被邀请的人。

16. 2. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用关系代词that引导定语从句。如： The first thingthat we should do is to work out a plan. 我们应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 Newton was one of the greatest menthat ever lived. 牛顿是世界上最伟大的人物之一。

17. 3. 先行词同时指人和物时，用that。如： We talked about the things and personsthat we saw then. 我们谈论了我们当时所见的人和事物。 Look at the man and his donkeythat are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走过来的男人和他的驴子。

18. 4. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时用that。如： Which is the dictionary that you want? 哪本是你要的字典？ Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在门旁边的那个男人是谁？

19. II. which和as which和as都可以引导非限制性定语从句，只是as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，此时，as常常有“正如， 正像”的含义。which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。可以指句中的某一个词，也可以指代前面的整个句子。如：

20. He was very rude to the Customs officer, which of course made things even worse. 他对海关官员非常无礼，这当然使事情更糟糕了。 Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗说这项工作到十月底就能做完，我个人对此非常满意。

21. He married her, which/as was natural. 他跟她结了婚，这是很自然的事。 As was natural, he married her. As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. 众所周知，他是我们班最好的学生。 此句中不可用which 此句中不可用which

22. as作为关系代词还可用于the same…as和such…as等结构中。如： I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的故事。 This is the same dictionary as I lost. 这本字典跟我丢失的一样。

23. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等；如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。如： She has been late again, as was expected. Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.

24. III. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 这种结构的定语从句多用于正式文体中。指人时常用关系代词whom,指物时用which。有时也用whose。如： He went to hear this famous singer, about whom we had heard many stories. 我们去听了这们著名歌唱家的演唱，以前我们听到过关于他的好多事情。

25. The boss in whose department Mr King worked called at the hospital after work. 金先生工作的那个部门的老板下班后到医院去看望他。 在上述的用法中，介词的选择与前面名词词组的搭配有关，或与后面动词词组的搭配有关。请看：

26. 1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。 Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles? 2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配。Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which I’m not sure？

27. 3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯。如： 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded. 注意： 定语从句中谓语动词如果是“动词+介词”构成的短语动词，一般不把这样的介词提到关系代词前面。如：

28. He has a little son whom he has to look after. 他有个需要照看的小儿子。 不能说成： He has a little son after whom he has to look.

29. Exercise Two friends are talking about where to go after school. Complete their conversation with who, whom, which, that or whose. There might be more than one answer for some blanks. Kangxin: Are you going home, Conghui?

30. Conghui: No. I forgot to bring my key. I can’t go home until my mum gets home from work. I have to do my homework in a place _________ has desks and chairs. Would you like to come with me? that/which

31. Kangxin: Sure. How about the school library? We can do our homework in the reading room. Conghui: It’s a good idea, but I don’t want to study in a room ______ desks are too small for all my books. whose

32. Kangxin: All right then. What about my flat? We have a really big desk in my father’s study. Conghui: But I’m not one of those students ________ can do homework well in a new place. Besides, I might be who/that

33. reading the books in your father’s bookcase instead. Kangxin: You’re one of those people _____________ everybody will find hard to please, aren’t you? Conghui: I’m sorry. Let’s go to the library then. who/whom/that

34. Conghui: Hi, Aihua, how are you? Aihua: I’m fine, thanks. Are you returning books, Kangxin? Kangxin: No, we are going to do our homework in the reading room. Aihua: There are several reading rooms in the library. Which one are you going to study in?

35. Conghui: I’m not sure. I prefer one _________ has big desks. Aihua: Then you can go to the reading room on the first floor. Kangxin: Is that the reading room _________ has newspapers and magazines? Aihua: Yes. that/which that/which

36. Kangxin: Conghui wouldn’t like it. She will be reading newspapers and magazines instead of doing her homework. She seems to be a person ________ can’t pay attention to one thing for long. Conghui: No, I’m not. What makes you think that? who/that

37. Kangxin: I’m sorry. I was only joking. Conghui: That’s OK. Aihua: Why don’t you do your homework in our classroom? It’s a place _________ has big desks but no newspapers or magazines. that/which

38. Conghui: Yes! Let’s go! You see, Kangxin, I’m not a person ________ is hard to please. Kangxin: No, you are not. Thanks, Aihua. Aihua: You are welcome. who/that

39. Exercise 1. There are 54 students in our class, ______ 18 are girls. A. more than B. less than C. in those D. of whom 2. We’ll remember those days _________ we spent together. A. when B. in which C. in that D. which

40. 3. The doctor _________ is leaving for Africa next month. A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 4. Next month, _________ you’ll spend in your hometown, is coming. A. which B. that C. when D. where

41. 5. He had a bad cold, _____he didn’t attend the meeting. A. because B. because of which C. to which D. because of that 6. There is no dictionary ______ you can find everything. A. in it B. in which C. where D. in that

42. 7. Do you want to buy the same radio _______ was shown on TV? A. what B. which C. as D. that 8. She was wearing the same dress __________ she had on the day before. A. that B. which C. where D. what

43. 9. A new building will be built, _______ is reported in today’s newspaper. A. it B. as C. which D. that 10. All ________ is needed is a supply of oil. A. / B. that C. what D. which

44. Homework Talk about the picture on P10, using attributive clauses (free talk). Do workbook exercise C1 and C2. Preview Task.

45. Thank you