Grammar and usage

1. Unit 4 Public Transport Grammar and usage

2. Verb-ed and verb-ing Verb-ed and verb-ing are often called participles. We can use them as an attribute to modify a noun or an adverbial of time, cause, result, manner, etc. 1. We can use a v-ed or a v-ing like an adjective. • The v-ing form usually expresses an action that is going on, or what something is like. • She sat beside the window, watching the • falling leaves floating in the air. 2) It was an exciting development.

3. B. The verb-ed form usually expresses the passive meaning, or refers to a finished action, or tell how we feel about something. • The police found the stolen car. • There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground. • Many excited people wanted to travel on the underground. C. A participle phrase usually goes after the noun it modifies. • The train going to London stop at the edge of the city. • 2) In 1933, a public organization called the London • Passenger Transport Board was set up.

4. More examples: a.Thehandwrittennotes are from Jack. b.The kidnappers were using a stolen car. c. We should drinkboiled water. d.They took the injured woman to the nearby hospital at once.

5. e. The firemen were rescuing the people trapped in the fire. f. Scientific experimentscarried out by students can be dangerous. g. The name mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.

6. A barking dog seldom bites. • The glow of the setting sun is splendid; • it is a pity that dusk is fast approaching. • 夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏 • c. Yesterday we saw a moving film. • A convincing promise 令人信服的承诺 • Frightening howls 可怕的嚎叫声 • Misleading advertisements 误导的广 • A forbidding manner 令人望而生畏的举止

7. 2. We can use a v-ed or a v-ing like an adverb. • 原因状语 • 1) Realizing he would have to take two different trains, • he decided to take a taxi instead. • 2) Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitian • Railway District Railway opened another line in 1868. • B. 时间状语 • Travelling through the tunnel, the man felt • uncomfortable because of the noise. • When asked how old the underground system was, • she made no reply.

8. C. 方式状语 • The train headed for London, puffing and rattling. • He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself. • The hunter lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on is chest. • D. 条件状语 • Turning to the left at the crossroads, you will see • the railway station on your right. • 2) Given another chance, I’ll do it much better. • United we stand, divided we fall. • 团结就是胜利，分裂就是失败。

9. 3. A v-ing can have passive and perfect forms. • We use being +v-ing to form the continuous passive. • The underground system being built in the city • will be open next year. • 2) In those days they went to the wharf to watch • the ships being loaded and unloaded. • B.We can use having-v-ed and having been +ved • to make the active and passive perfect forms. • Having seen the situation, a rich Americanbusiness • Charles Yerkes tried to improve the system. • Having been developed over many years, the underground system is now able to transport • million of people effectively.

10. 4. When the v-ing or v-ed clause is used as an adverbial, its understood subject is usually the same as the subject of the main clause. 1) Having been trapped in the traffic, he was later for work. 2) Given enough time, we will be able to see more of the city. 5. The negative word not always appears before the v-ing or v-ed 1)Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help. 2)Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam.

11. Have a try: • Adam and Eve were induced to eat the • _________ (forbid) Fruit by Satan. • 亚当和夏娃受魔鬼的引诱偷吃了禁果。 • 2. He is a businessman _____(grow) rich in • recent years. • 3. A man ______________ (question) now • was a spy. • 4. These trucks carry goods _______ (export) • to foreign countries. • 5. Money _______ (spend) is more than money • ______ (earn). • 6. Is this book _______ (write) by Henry James? forbidden growing being questioned exported spent earned written

12. respected 7. He was then a teacher _______ (respect) by all his students. 8. Those ________ (remain) had to face all kinds of difficulties. 9. When _______ (leave) the airport, they waved again and again to us. 10. _____ (lie) still in the grass, _____ (wait) , he heard the sound of the wild. 11. A man _______ (respect) others will be ________.(respect) 12. ______ (use) cars are very cheap. 13. A cold wind came _____ (blow) in at the window. remaining leaving Lying waiting respecting respected Used blowing

13. A: Suppose you have found a newspaper article about car pollution. Underline the participle phrases in it and identify their functions. Write attr for an attribute and adv for an adverbial above each participle phrase. Cars are one of the leading causes of air pollution in the world today. Poisonous smoke and gas released by the increasing number of cars on our roads are now a major cause of breathing problems, especially among children. Health officials, noticing an increase in the number of attr attr attr attr adv

14. attr people with breathing related diseases, have warned the public. They have done so in the hope that people will take notice of the problems caused by poisonous smoke and gas from cars. Realizing how serious the problem has become, the government has been encouraging people to walk, cycle or make better use of the underground system. The aim of this is to reduce air pollution. attr adv

15. B: Zhao Ning is writing an e-mail to her friend. Help her complete it by choosing the correct verbs from the box and using the correct form of v-ed or v-ing. Interest surprise relax disappoint please confuse excite tire amuse annoy Date:12 March From: Xiao Ning To: Ling Mei Subject: Project on transport Dear Wang Wei, I am very (1)______ about this project I have just finished. It is about transport. There are so many different systems around the world. It is (2)______ to learn about them all. When I first undertook the project, I found the information (3)_______ because I didn’t know how to organize it. pleased interesting confusing

16. annoying It was (4)________ when all my classmates were(5) ________ and laughed at me because they had never seen me sacrifice so much for an assignment. I was very (6) _______ by the end of the project. The marks were announced last week and I got a very (7) _______ mark. It was an A+, which was beyond my modest expectations. Then I thought I could have a (8) ______ weekend to make up for all my hard work, but my mum said I should start on the next project! She was quite (9) ______ though. I am (10) __________ that you are postponing your visit next week, but I expect I will see you soon. Regards, Zhao Ning amused tired surprising relaxing excited disappointed

17. Homework 1. Finish the exercises on Page 128 Part C1, C2. 2. Prepare Task