The Partition of Africa Section 2

1. The Partition of AfricaSection 2 Gina Pike Group 5 3-2-11, 2nd hr.

2. Africa! • Known as the “dark continent” • Little was known about Africa. • Large continent, 4x the size of the US. • Diverse cultures and languages.

3. The Regions of Africa North Africa • Fertile land along Mediterranean • From the 1400s much of the area was ruled by Ottoman Empire. • 1800s- Ottoman Empire began to weaken South Africa • Africa in turmoil in 1800s • Shaka united Zulu nation • Zulus conquest: migration, wars, chaos • 1830s- Zulus also battling Boers (from Cape Colony) East Africa • Major religion of Islam • Port cities= setbacks when Portuguese arrived (Mombasa, Kilwa, early 1500s) • East Africa kept sending trading ships to Persian Gulf and the Red Sea • Trading ships= slaves • Ivory and copper traded for Indian cloth and firearms West Africa • New Muslim states created (based on trade, farming, etc) • Leaders (Usman dan Fodio) preached jihad (holy struggle) to purify Islam. • The Asante Kingdom rose in forest region3 • Trades with Europeans and Muslims • Had limited power • Controlled smaller states • Felt no loyalty to central gov • Leaders wanted to overthrow controlling gov.

4. Summary of Regions • North Africa:Ruled by Ottoman Empire, started to decline • South Africa:Shaka united Zulu Nation, migration, wars, chaos, Zulus in a war with the Boers • East Africa: Islam! Ships exported copper and ivory for Indian cloth and firearms, slaves were exported. • West Africa: New Muslim states, jihad (Usman dan Fodio), Asante kingdom (trade with Europeans and Muslims, limited power, controlled smaller states,), wanted independence

5. European Contacts Increase • Missionaries began to travel to Africa, set up schools, hospitals, and churches, hated slavery, thought Africans needed guidance • 1500s and 1600s- Europeans traded along the coast of Africa • No one traveled far into Africa (Malaria and sleeping sickness) • Medical breakthroughs and river steamships changed this • Early 1800s- slavery slowly became outlawed • 1787- British organized colony for freed slaves (Sierra Leone, West Africa) • 1847- Liberia (right next to Sierra Leone) gained independence • Slave trade continues (Arab and African slave traders) well into 1800s • Demand for slaves remained

6. The Great Scramble Begins • King Leopold of Belgium hired Stanley- explore Congo River basin, arrange trade treaties with African leaders • Leopold wanted of conquest and profit. • Leopold’s activities in the Congo resulted in other countries wanting claims of Africa: Britain, France, Germany The Berlin Conference • 1884- International powers met In Berlin, Germany- discuss matter before bloodshed, no representation of natives present. • No European power could claim land unless they set up a gov office there • Accepted Leopold’s previous claims, insisted on free trade on the rivers • 20 years later- almost all of Africa divided up • Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

7. The Boer War • 1806- British won Cape Colony from the Dutch • Boers (Dutch farmers) hated Britsih rule • Migrated North to create their own republic • Late 1800s- gold and diamonds discovered in Boer Republics • Boer War began (1899 to 1902) • British won • 1910-British united Cape Colony and former Boer Republics into Union of South Africa • New constitution- gov run by whites, laid foundation for racial segregation

8. Africans Fight Back!! • Algerians battled France • SamoriToure-attempted to build own empire, fought French in W. Africa • British battles Zulus in Southern Africa and in the Asante Kingdom (W. Africa) • Asante put themselves under YaaAsantewaa’s rule (queen) • Led fight against British in last Asante War • Nehanda- of Shona in Zimbabewe • Women military leader, • Captured and executed • Inspired other generations to fight for freedom • Germans fought Yao in East Africa • Dominated during the Maji-Maji Rebellion of 1905

9. Ethiopia Survives! • Divided between a bunch of rival princes • Late 1800s-Menelik II began to modernize his counrty • Planned roads, bridges, and schools • Imported weapons, military officers who trained his army • 18960 Italy invaded Ethiopia • Battle of Adowa- Manelik’s forces crushed Italian invaders Main Idea: Ethiopia crushes Italian forces, remains independent

10. Impact and Results :) • Western-educated elite class emerged • Some Africans rejected their traditional culture for western ways • Others valued their traditional culture • By early 1900s- African leaders pursuing independence

11. Important Ideas/Events • North Africa:Ruled by Ottoman Empire, started to decline • South Africa:Shaka united Zulu Nation, migration, wars, chaos, Zulus in a war with the Boers • East Africa: Islam! Ships exported copper and ivory for Indian cloth and firearms, slaves were exported. • West Africa: New Muslim states, jihad (UsmandanFodio), Asante kingdom (trade with Europeans and Muslims, limited power, controlled smaller states,), wanted independence • Not many traveled into Africa’s interior due to illnesses and such • 1787- British organized colony for freed slaves (Sierra Leone, West Africa) • Missionaries came to Africa, built schools, hospitals, churches • 1847- Liberia gained independence • Leopold’s activities in the Congo resulted in other countries wanting claims of Africa: Britain, France, Germany • 1884- Berlin Conference- Result: Africa divided up • Ethiopia and Liberia- only independent countries in Africa! • Boer War began (1899 to 1902), British won. result- Cape Colony + former Boer Republics=the Union of South Africa

12. Important Ideas/Events • Algerians battled France • British battles Zulus • Germans fought Yao in East Africa • SamoriToure-attempted to build own empire, fought French in W. Africa • Nehanda- of Shona in Zimbabwe, women military leader • YaaAsantewaa- Queen of the Asante Kingdom, led her people through the Last Asante War to defeat the British • Ethiopia crushes Italian forces in Battle of Adowa, remains independent • Menelik II- ruler of Ethiopia, began to modernize his country (late 1800s) • Western-educated elite class emerged • Some Africans rejected traditional culture and accepted the western ways • More countries wanted independence!