The Skeletal System

1. The Skeletal System Functions

2. The Skeletal System Structure • ____ bones • 2 main groups • Axial: ______________________________ • Appendicular: __________________________________________________________________

3. The Skeletal System Axial Skeleton The Spine • _ regions of vertebrae • Vertebrae separated by _____ • Hollow _____ in each that spinal cord runs through Thorax – rib cage. • _____ attach to thoracic vertebrae • ___ ribs attach to sternum the other _ have free ends(false ribs) Skull

4. The Skeletal System Bone Tissue • Compact – _______ _____________ bone. Covers the entire bone. Thickest at _____. • Cancellous(______ bone) –___________ appearance. Less dense. Usually in ____ of bone. Older people’s honeycomb spaces get _____ and brittle if there is a lack of _________.

5. The Skeletal System Types of Bones • Long • have a _______, ie humerus, phalanges • Have hollow shafts with bone ________ that produce blood cells • Short – no ______, cuboid in shape • Flat – on at least one________, eg scapula!!! • Irregular

6. The Skeletal System What type of bone are phalanges? • A common mistake of students is to think phalanges are short bones due to their length rather than long bones because they have a shaft and are long in comparison to their width. • Short bones such as the tarsals are blocky with no shaft.

7. The Skeletal System Anatomical Terminology • _________ – towards the ______/ higher / above. eg the head is superior to the sternum. • _________ – Towards the feet / lower / below. Eg feet are inferior to your sacrum. • _________ – Front ie Anterior ligament is the front ligament, eg sternum is on the anterior part of your body. • __________ – Back, eg your spine is posterior to your sternum. • ________ – towards the _________, eg inside (of knee) • ________ – towards the _____, eg outside(of knee) • ________ – nearer the _____, eg shoulder is at the proximal end of the humerous. • _______ – further from trunk, eg elbow is at the distal end of your humerous. • ______ – face ______ • _______ – face ___

8. The Skeletal System Growth • takes place in _______ but slower growth continues in between spurts • The major spurts are the first _ – _ years (half expected adult height at 2 yrs) and then starting at about __-__years for girls and __-__ years for boys. • Adolescence - Feet and hands lengthen _____, then lower legs & forearms, then thighs and upper arms, then trunk. Then _______ and ______ width increases. Finally chest & abdomen depth increase. • After adolescence growth continues. Girls usually reach full height at about _____yrs and boys at about ____yrs.

9. The Skeletal System Bone Growth Bone and _________ start as the same stuff. Short Bones – cartilage forms into shape then __________(ossifies) from inside to outside. Long Bones – cartilage gets some ______, hardens from _______, hollows out and lengthens, growth plate keeps adding to ______ of bone until it the plate eventually hardens Diagram Green – cartilage Purple – calcified cartilage Jade – bone Red - arteries