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What results can be used by decision makers and how ? - Lessons learnt in Germany

What results can be used by decision makers and how ? - Lessons learnt in Germany. Integrated Waste Management & Life Cycle Assessment Workshop & Conference Prague 13.-14. April 2004 Jürgen Giegrich. LCA and policy making.

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What results can be used by decision makers and how ? - Lessons learnt in Germany

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  1. What results can be used by decision makers and how ?- Lessons learnt in Germany Integrated Waste Management & Life Cycle AssessmentWorkshop & ConferencePrague13.-14. April 2004Jürgen Giegrich

  2. LCA and policy making List of publicly commissioned LCAs in Germanywith waste management focus (since 1993): • Beverage container study I (product LCA) • LCA in waste management (tyres, refrigerators) • LCA for graphical papers (mass flow analysis) • LCA for recovery options of waste oil • Ecological and economic evaluation of recovery options for light weight packaging • LCA on waste from sewage treatment plants • Beverage container study II (product LCA) • Screening LCA for waste management options of hazardous waste (solvents, electroplating sludge, iron cast sands, oil separator waste) • LCA of waste management options for organic waste • LCA of co-fermentation of organic waste with sewage sludge

  3. LCA and policy making Objective The German Ministry of Environment needed arguments for the political discussion:To identify the environmentally most favourable recycling option for used oil. Scientifical support for the political decision making of implementing the EU waste oil directive into national legislation.

  4. Fuel processing, as practised in the • Baufeld mineral oil refinery in Chemnitz. • The plant produces fuel oils, as specified in DIN 51603-4 3. High-pressure gasification, as practised in the Sekundärrohstoff-Verwertungszentrum Schwarze Pumpe (SVZ). The plant produces methanol and electricity. • Direct combustion in cement works • replacing standard fuels used in normal operation LCA and policy making Scenarios: • Regeneration: Multi-step distillation, as practised in the • mineral oil refinery Dollbergen (MRD). • The plant produces base oils and fuel oils as by-products.

  5. Summer smog Acidification Nutrification (terrestrial) Human toxicity Eco toxicity Resource consumption (Fossil energy ressources as Raw-Oil-Res.-Equiv.) LCA and policy making Impact categories Global warming (CO2, CH4 N2O as CO2-Equivalents) (NOx, VOC as NCPOCP) (SO2, NOx, HCl, HF, NH3 as SO2-Equivalents) (NOx, NH3 als PO43+-Equivalents) (Cancerogenic pollutants: As, Cd, Cr-VI, Ni, PCDD/F, BaP as As-Equivalents) (represented by hydro carbons in water effluents)

  6. Used Oil Thermal use of by products flux oil base oil energy flux oil base oil energy fuel oil Refinery Exploitation Mineral oil LCA and policy making System boundary Recovery system Regeneration Equivalency system

  7. kg CO2-Equiv. per 1 ton of recovered used oil 4,500 1 Base oil 2 Fuel oil 3 Methanol 4 cem. work 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Impact of recovery Impact of substituted equivalency system LCA and policy making Results of Impact assessment: Global warming

  8. LCA and policy making Results of Impact assessment: Resource consumption kg ROE-Equiv. per 1 ton of recovered used oil 1,200 1 Base oil 2 Fuel oil 3 Methanol 4 cement work 1,000 800 600 400 200 Impact of recovery Impact of substituted equivalency system

  9. Calculation of the magnitude of the category indicator results relative to reference values (specific contribution). In this case, the total inventory of resource consumption and emissions in Germany was used as a reference. Normalisation unit: Person equivalency value PEV Normalisation Grouping Verbal argumentative interpretation LCA and policy making UBA Valuation method (according to ISO 14042) Ranking the impact categories in a given order of hierarchy, such as very high, high, medium, and low priority.

  10. A very high Global warming kg CO2-Eq/a 13,024 Summer smog kg NCPOCP/a 17.4 Hydro carbons in effluents fossil resources LCA and policy making Normalisation and ranking Ranking „ecological priority“ Person equivalent value medium C high B Acidification kg SO2-Eq/a 73.3 Eutrophication, terrestrial high 3.5 kg PO43+-Eq/a B very high 5.7 g As-Eq/a A Human toxicity cancerogenic risk potential medium Eco toxicity C 52 g/a medium Resource consumption C 2,382 kg RO-Eq/a

  11. LCA and policy making Valuating the recovery options 1 Base oil 2 Fuel oil 3 Methanol 4 Cement work nnnnnn nnnnn Global warming nnnnn nnnn nnnnn nnnn  •  • Summer smog n nn nn nn n •  Acidification  n n nn n Eutrophication nnnn nnn  nnnnnn nnnnn nnnnnn nnnnnn Human toxicity  • • n Eco toxicity Resource consumption •  nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnn The number of squares shows the difference difference to the most beneficial option (marked by ) in each case1 square corresponds to 5.000 PEV (rounded) – Ranking:n„very high“,n„high“,n„medium“,

  12. LCA and policy making Similar study commissioned by the State of Lower Saxony conducted by ÖKOPOL; 1997

  13. LCA and policy making Objective The federal states have the legal obligation to set up waste management plans for their area. The Environmental Ministry of Northrhine-Westphalia established plans for different waste streams:Assessment of the environmentally better treatment option for all waste streams from sewage treatment plants in Northrhine -Westphalia (with the emphasis on sewage sludge) as a basis for the federal state waste management plan.

  14. sewage sludge 3 % m de-watering auxiliaries, energy sewage, waste compos- ting auxiliaries, energy sewage, waste dr. drying auxiliaries, energy sewage, waste recultivation of degraded land incineration auxiliaries, energy sewage, waste sewage, waste auxiliaries, energy LCA and policy making System boundary d Output into the environment (emissions to air, water, soil) Input from the environment (mineral and fossil resources) landspreading in agriculture benefit: substitution of primary resources, products, processes

  15. transport transfer de-watering drying soil form. distribution auxiliary m. landfilling NP-fertilizer P-fertilizer K-fertilizer Mg-fertilizer Ca-fertilizer lignite electricity LCA and policy making Parameter: primary energy use of the treatment options 4 3 2 primary energy use, fossil in GJ / t DS 1 recovery using wet sludge co-incineration in lignite power plant recovery using de-watered sludge mono incineration soil formation 0 credit (electricity) credit (lignite) credit (mineral fertilizer) credit (mineral fertilizer) recovery of degraded land incineration agricultural recovery

  16. e Spez. Beitrag: Ökologische B deutung 1 Quadrat entspricht 250.000 EDW (gerundet); sehr groß (A) groß (B) mittel (C) gering (D) ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ··· Unterschiede, die bei weniger als 125.000 EDW liegen werden durch Punkte kenntlich gemacht, die Anzahl der Punkte weist auf die Rangfolge hin. LCA and policy making use for degraded land mono incineration (fl. bed) co-incineration (power plant) agricultural use · ·· ··· greenhouse effect (A) summersmog (C) ·· · · · eutrophication (terrestr.) (B) ¢ ¢ ·· ··· · eutrophication (aquat.) (C) ·· ··· · acidification (B) cancerogenic risk (air) (A) ·· · ··· (repr. human tox.) mercury (air) (B) ·· · ¢¢¢ (repr. human tox.) particles (B) ·· ··· · (repr. human tox.) · lead input to soil (C) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ · · cadmium input to soil (B) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢ · ··· ·· fossile resources (C) mineral resources (D) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢ phosphate ·· · landfill space (D)

  17. LCA and policy making agricultural use use for degraded land mono incineration co-incineration greenhouse effect (A) ¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢ summersmog (C) ·· · ¢¢¢¢¢¢ · eutrophication (terrestr.) (B) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢ eutrophication (aquat.) (C) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢ acidification (B) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢ cancerogenic risk (air) (A) ··· ·· ¢ (repr. for human tox.) mercury (air) (B) ¢ ¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ (repr. for human tox.) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ particles (B) · ¢¢¢¢¢ ¢¢¢¢¢ (repr. for human tox.) o fossile resources ¢¢ ¢¢ ¢¢ · landfill space (D) ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢ deutung ¢ Ökologische B e sehr groß (A) groß (B) mittel (C) gering (D) 1 Quadrat entspricht 10.000 EDW (gerundet); Spez. Beitrag: ¢ ¢ ¢ ··· Unterschiede, die bei weniger als 5.000 EDW liegen werden durch Punkte kenntlich gemacht, die Anzahl der Punkte weist auf die Rangfolge hin.

  18. LCA and policy making Conclusions of the study: • Agricultural recovery should be limited to the sludges with the lowest content of contaminants and in parallel a high content of available phosphate • In any other cases Incineration should have priority,while co-incineration should be accompanied by a highly efficient mercury scrubbing system • Use of sludges on degraded land should be avoided because it is connected with environmental disadvantages in all cases(exception: some applications with high quality demands for compost products)

  19. LCA and policy making Similar study commissioned by the State of Schleswig-Holstein conducted by IFEU; 2000Similar study commissioned by the State of Bavaria conducted by BIFA; 2000

  20. LCA and policy making Objective The German Bundesrat took the following decision (29 May 1998):The collection and recovery of used packaging material should be reconsi-dered in order to ensure that only those types of packaging waste are integrated in the Dual System (DSD) which are environmentally and economically acceptable

  21. LCA and policy making

  22. Options for recovery and disposal abbreviation status quo of recovery SQ optimized status of recovery SQopt SORTEC (recovery) SORTEC disposal (30 % incin./ 70 % landfill) Bes30/70 disposal by incineration Bes100 LCA and policy making

  23. LCA and policy making Concluding Table

  24. LCA and policy making

  25. LCA and policy making List of ongoing LCA projects for the public sector: • LCA of plastic material in household wasteby UBA and Plastic Industry Association (2001-2003) • LCA of co-incineration in industrial plantsby MUNLV of NRW (2002-2004) • Up-date of LCA for sewage sludge treatment in North Rhine-Westphaliaby MUNLV of NRW (2003-2004) • Evaluation of overall achievements of waste policy in Germany during the last 15 years and future perspectivesby BMU/UBA (2003-2004) • LCA of different waste collection systemsby MUNLV of NRW (2003-2004)

  26. LCA is the only tool for waste management questions which address the whole system. So far in Germany there was no political or legal need to use LCA at the level of municipalities, counties or companies. LCA has a system perspective and cannot easily address local aspects. As a consequence LCA can only support local decisions and other procedures and tools are needed. It took 10 years, various examples of application and some supporters to introduce LCA more generally in German policy making. Final remarks

  27. LCA and policy making

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