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WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASIC OPERATIONS

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASIC OPERATIONS. Prepared by RCAP Solutions For PADEP. Introduction. Basics of Water Supply. Drinking Water Sources. Surface Water Groundwater. Surface Water: Advantages. Easily accessible Large volumes of water Surface reservoirs for storage.

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WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASIC OPERATIONS

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  1. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASIC OPERATIONS Prepared by RCAP Solutions For PADEP

  2. Introduction • Basics of Water Supply

  3. Drinking Water Sources • Surface Water • Groundwater

  4. Surface Water: Advantages • Easily accessible • Large volumes of water • Surface reservoirs for storage

  5. Surface Water: Disadvantages • Exposure to contaminants • Expensive filtration

  6. Groundwater: Advantages • Less treatment • Consistency • Availability

  7. Groundwater: Disadvantages • Chemical contamination • Hardness • Multiple wells • Location

  8. Groundwater Treatment Processes

  9. Groundwater Treatment Processes • Not very complex • Mainly disinfection • Covered later

  10. Surface Water Treatment Processes

  11. Racks and Screens

  12. Racks and Screens • Prevent debris • Pipes and pumps • Straining pasta

  13. Mixing

  14. Mixing • Coagulant • Suspended particles

  15. Coagulation and Flocculation

  16. Coagulation and Flocculation • Reduces solids • Prevents bacterial “hiding” • Like making cheese

  17. Sedimentation

  18. Sedimentation • Presedimentation • Basins • Solids loading reduction • Sludge removal

  19. Filtration

  20. Filtration • Solids and floc removal • Physical • Chemical • Biological

  21. Types of Filtration • Slow Sand • Conventional Filtration

  22. Types of Filtration • Direct Filtration • Diatomaceous Earth

  23. Types of Filtration • Membrane Filtration • Bag and Cartridge Filters

  24. Disinfection

  25. Disinfection • Disease-causing organisms • Chlorine • Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation

  26. Disinfection: Chlorine • Chlorine Gas • Sodium Hypochlorite

  27. Disinfection: Chlorine • Calcium Hypochlorite • Chlorine may form carcinogens

  28. Disinfection: Ultraviolet Light • Penetrates most cell walls • No toxic residuals • Short contact times; easy to operate • Unsuitable for some water sources

  29. Disinfection: Ozone • O3 • Shorter contact time • Capital costs • O&M

  30. Other Typical Treatment Processes • Iron and manganese removal • Corrosion control • These are source dependent

  31. Iron and Manganese Removal • Various techniques • Aeration • Sequestration • Ion exchange

  32. Corrosion Control • Prevents degradation • Adjust water characteristics

  33. Exercise • Exercise!!! • Complete the fill-in-the blank questions

  34. Distribution System Facilities • Pumps • Storage facilities • Transmission mains • Valves and hydrants • Meters

  35. Pumps • Provide lift • Do not generally create pressure • Major part of O&M costs

  36. Storage Facilities • Clear wells • Stand pipes • Elevated storage tanks

  37. Clear Wells

  38. Clear Wells • Large concrete reservoirs • Constant rate of operation

  39. Stand Pipes • Located on the ground • Require little maintenance

  40. Elevated Storage Tanks • Supporting structures • Use gravity • Filled in off-peak hours

  41. Transmission MainsSystem Design • Branching systems • Loop or grid systems

  42. Transmission MainsMaterials • Cast iron • Ductile iron • Plastic (polyvinylchloride – PVC)

  43. Valves and Hydrants • Valves • Wet barrel hydrants • Dry barrel hydrants

  44. Meters • Throughout the system • Used for billing and to identify loss • Lowers usage • Replacement program

  45. Exercise • Exercise time!!! • Fill in the graphic and answer the questions

  46. Summary • Key points

  47. References and Resources • See your workbooks for details

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