The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution 1750-1870

2. From slower, more expensiveproduction by hand to quicker, less costlyproductionby machine From work at home to work at a factory Changes in Manufacturing Methods during 18th Century

4. Characteristics of the Old Industrial Revolution • The invention of the 1st complex machines and building of the 1st factories • The development of steam as a source of power, and its applications • The expansion of the output of basic materials….coal, iron, steel • The introduction of new methods of transportation and communication

5. Historical Method of Production • By the late Middle Ages the manufacture of goods was controlled by trade or artisan guilds • The guilds were organizations that set standards for their craft. • Typically they restricted the number of workers, hours worked, types of tools that were used, etc • As a result, the output of goods was limited

6. The Shift • Along with the growth of towns, the re-emergence of trade, and the population growth came a demand for more goods than the guilds could produce. • In the 16th century, the English textile industry defied the guilds by using the “putting out” system • How did it work?: • individuals at home would be provided with the raw materials • get paid for creating finished goods (ex. spinning raw wool or cotton into thread)

7. Why did the textile industry become the 1st major industry to adopt the factory system? • Demand for textiles • cotton (which was much more comfortable than the traditional wool). • The constant thread shortage focused attention on ways of improving spinning methods.

8. Results • The amount of cotton yarn produced in England in 1790 was 10 times the amount produced in 1770 • Cotton goods became much cheaper and more available. {use of underwear} • Wages for textile workers increased greatly • Changes in demographics: rural agrarian life gave way to urban industrial life

9. Why did Britain take the lead in Industrialization? • Natural resources: • Raw materials like coal (steam) and iron ore • Colonies (Mercantilism) • Transportation: • Harbors • Canals • Railroads

10. Agricultural changes: • enclosure movement • Population: G.B. had • skilled workers • wealthy capitalists • Government: • Stable • organized banking system • protected industries.

13. How did machines affect work? • Less time to learn a craft • Preferences for younger workers – Why? • Women and children increasingly hired – Why? • Who gets left out?

14. Wage System • Old System: Domestic • Worked unsupervised in your home • Turned in finished products for money • New System: Factory • Supervised division of labor • Paid by the number of hours worked, or the amount of goods produced

15. Why Wages? • Allowed owners to produce goods as cheaply as possible (could adjust wages) • What determined wages? • Oversupply of workers lowered wages • What people could earn doing other jobs • Males earned more • Best way to good wages: Acquire skills

16. Factory Rules and Regulations • Set break and lunch times, no off times • 14 hours a day, 6 days a week • Factories were poorly ventilated, dirty, unsanitary, and usually without any safety precautions, especially with machines

17. Average Age at Death for Different Social Groups Agricultural area, Tin-Mining center, Industrial Centers

18. Was a necessity in many families Children as young as five were sent to work in mines, cotton mills Little protection No real protection until 1833 with Britain’s Factory Act, which called for enforcement of child labor laws and inspections of factories Child Labor

19. Living Conditions • Tenement lifestyle was the most common • Even in 1840, between 40,000 and 50,000 laborers in Manchester lived in cellars • Exposure to poor sanitation, diseases • Standard of living improved • wages slowly increased • inexpensive consumer goods became available to laborers

20. Rise of the Middle Class • As economic and political power moved from agriculture to manufacturing, a middle class formed (lawyers, doctors, bankers, merchants, manufacturers) • The new middle class: • Dressed differently • Lived in different communities • Gained prestige and political power • Like the upper classes, the rising middle class could now afford things like…

23. Economic Systems

24. Goals Use supply and demand, natural laws Profit motive Government Laissez Faire Capitalism

25. Decision Making Free enterprise Supply and demand Economy Competition Privately owned property Capitalism

26. Goals Equitable distribution of resources Provide for basic needs Government Controls major resources and industries Socialism

27. Decision Making Made by the government for good of everyone Economy Smaller businesses owned privately Government makes bigger economic decisions Socialism

28. Goals Karl Marx: History of class struggle Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat Tribes, Slavery, Feudalism, Capitalism, Communism Classless society, total equality Government will eventually wither away Government Stresses cooperation Owns businesses Set prices Communism

29. Decision Making Economic decisions made by government Economy Common ownership of property Views capitalism as a threat Communism