International Census of Marine Microbes

1. International Census of Marine Microbes Explore the diversity, relative abundance, and environmental context of all microbial life forms in the oceans Viruses Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

2. International - Global Coverage Competitive Tag Sequencing - 869 samples 660 completed ~13.5 million tag sequences Final Data set will exceed 18 million tag sequences

3. Microbial Population Structure of the World’s Ocean Arctic Chukchi Beaufort Amazon-Guianas Water Lau Hydrothermal Vent Anaerobic Protist Project Amundsen Sea Antarctica Azorean Shallow Vents Azores Waters Project Blanes Microbial Observatory Baltic Sea Proper Black Sea Redox Census Antarctic Marine Cariaco Basin Caribbean Coral Bacteria Deep Subseafloor Sediment Coastal Microbial Mats Coastal New England Coral Reef Sediment Deep Arctic Ocean Deep Ocean Flux Deep Sea Eukarya Frisian Island Sylt Guaymas Methane Seeps Gulf of Aqaba Global Protist Survey Hood Canal Washington Hawaii Ocean Time-Series IOMM Cooperative Run Gulf of Maine LaCAR Cooperative Run Lost City Mount Hope Bay Helgoland New Zealand Sediment Ocean Drilling Project English Channel Surreptitious Algal Bacteria Station M Sediments Sponges Spatial Scaling Diversity Humboldt Marine Ecosystem Black Sea

4. Phenotypic Diversity Named species: Bacteria and Archaea: 9,000 Protists: 200,000 Microbial creatures of untold diversity dominate every corner of our biosphere. Estimates of 10 - 100 X diversity of animals. The number of different kinds of bacteria in the oceans could eclipse 5 to 10 million

5. Deep Sequencing Huber et al. 2007 Science

6. Evenness

7. Firmicutes Marine vs. Soil Evenness FS312 Axial Sea Mount - Mkr 52 Difuse Flow FS312 Axial Sea Mount - Bag City Difuse Flow 112R 550 M -25.000°E, 50.400°N 115R 4,121 M -25.000°E, 50.400°N Soil-Kellogg-5 species Soil-Kellogg-no plants Deferrebacteres Cyanobacteria Chloroflexi Bacteroidetes Acidobacteria Actinobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospira Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Verrucomicrobiae

8. How many microbes can you find in a few drops of seawater? ~ 1,000,000 Bacteria ~ 1,000,000 Archaea ~10-10,000 Protists ~10,000,000 Viruses Abundance 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Microbial Cells in the Ocean

10. Visualization http://vamps.mbl.edu

14. Detection of Anthropogenic Impacts Bacteroidetes Human fecal profile Firmicutes Lake Water Combined Sewage overflow

15. Detection of Anthropogenic Impacts Human fecal profile Firmicutes 1001 1101 1201 1301 1401 1501 1601 1701 1801 1901 2001 2101 Lake Water Combined Sewage overflow

16. Concept of the Rare Biosphere Taxon-rank distribution curve for microbial communities High Abundance Populations Low Abundance Populations The Rare Biosphere Low abundance taxa in rank-ordered, taxon abundance curves Microbial abundance curves are “long-tail distributions” • The tail is much greater than previously known • Diversity eclipses all prior estimates of • Bacterial, Archaeal and Eukaryl diversity • Never-before-seen populations

17. Explaining the Rare Biosphere • Biogeography • Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic sites

18. Global Distribution of Abundant Tags Sponge Amunsen Palmer LTER Sulfides/Basalts Salt Marsh English Channel Lau Seamount Human Deep subsurface Salt Pond Mouse Rio Tinto Cariaco

19. Explaining the Rare Biosphere • Biogeography • Dispersal from yet to be discovered endemic sites • Keystone species • Always rare - possibly slow growing or dormant • Persistently rare but capable of becoming abundant “Seed” organisms Genomic novelty • Analogous to heterozygosity in animals or plants • Products of historical ecological change? • Responders to environmental shifts May serve as sentinel for global change

20. Limits to Knowledge • Operational issues for the Rare Biosphere: • Definition of microbial diversity - key data - • Start and length of the long tail • Existence of viral, archaeal and eukaryl Rare Biosphere • Tools necessary to define limits of the rare biosphere • Criteria for targeting studies of rare biosphere members • Questions about the Rare Biosphere and how can we seek answers? • Is the Rare Biosphere globally distributed? or does the Rare biosphere reflect dispersal from endemic sites? • Does membership in the Rare Biosphere shift across different spatial/temporal scales? • What mechanisms determine membership in the Rare Biosphere? • Why is there a rare biosphere? • Do microbes in the rare biosphere compete for niche space? • Is the rare biosphere a nearly unlimited source of genetic information that can transfer between microbial populations? • How important are reservoirs in protecting microbial diversity? • Do rare organisms have a selective advantage? • Are there specific mechanisms that allow low-abundance populations to become dominant in response to environmental shifts? • How does the rare biosphere shape the environment past, present and future? • How might rare organisms impact human health and well being? • Can the rare biosphere serve as a sentinel for global change? • Do rare microbes play a key role in preserving biodiversity?

21. Acknowledgements ICoMM Scientific Organizing Committee: Mitchell Sogin Jan de Leeuw David Patterson Lucas Stal Gerhard Herndl Stefan Schouten ICoMM Secretariat: Linda Amaral-Zettler ICoMM IT Specialist: Phillip Neal Anne Thessen ICoMM Scientific Advisory Council: John Baross (Chair) Robert Andersen Felipe Artigas Antje Boetius D. Chandramohan Kazuhiro Kogure Carlos Pedros-Alio Francisco Rodriguez-Valera ICoMM 454 participants: Paula Aguiar Robert Andersen Felipe Artigas Stefan Bertilsson Christina Bienhold Henk Bolhuis William Brazelton David Caron D. Chandramohan Andrei Chistoserdov Marco Coolen Mark Dennett Steve D’Hondt Slava Epstein Katrina Edwards Rima Franklin Eric Gaidos Victor Ariel Gallardo Gunnar Gerdts Jack Gilbert Koji Hamasaki Julie Huber David Karl David Kirchman Connie Lovejoy Els Maas Ana Martins Alison Murray Jan Pawlowski Martin Polz Thomas Pommier Anton Post James Prosser Alban Ramette Michael Rappe Anna-Louise Reysenbach Gabrielle Rocap Juliette Rooney-Varga James Staley Thorsten Stoeck Shinichi Sunagawa Andreas Teske Michael Wagner Gordon Webster Patricia Yager