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Chapter 6 Marine Microbes

Chapter 6 Marine Microbes. Key Concepts. Microbial life in the sea is extremely diverse, including members of all three domains of life as well as viruses. Marine Viruses. Significance: Marine food webs Population biology Diseases of marine organisms. Marine Bacteria.

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Chapter 6 Marine Microbes

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  1. Chapter 6 Marine Microbes

  2. Key Concepts • Microbial life in the sea is extremely diverse, including members of all three domains of life as well as viruses.

  3. Marine Viruses Significance: • Marine food webs • Population biology • Diseases of marine organisms

  4. Marine Bacteria • General characteristics • simple, prokaryotic, few genes • reproduce by binary fission • many shapes and sizes

  5. Nutritional Types • Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) • photosynthetic • found in high dissolved oxygen, and produce free oxygen

  6. Nutritional Types • Chemosynthetic bacteria • Use energy from chemical reactions • Less efficient than photosynthesis • Found around hydrothermal vents

  7. Nutritional Types (Heterotrophic Bacteria) • Heterotrophic bacteria • Decomposers • Marine snow

  8. Symbiotic Bacteria • Chemosynthetic bacteria live within tube worms and clams • Some deep-sea or nocturnal animals host helpful bioluminescent bacteria

  9. Archaea • General characteristics • Small • Prokaryotic • Extreme environmental conditions

  10. Archaea • Nutritional Types • Photosynthesizers, chemosynthesizers and heterotrophs • Most are methanogens • Halobacteria thrive at high salinities

  11. Archaea • Hyperthermophiles • Survive at temperatures exceeding 100o C • Potential for biomedical and industrial application

  12. Fungi • Decomposers, prey, pathogens and symbionts

  13. Fungi • General features • Heterotrohic decomposers

  14. Fungi • Salinity is toxic to fungi, devote energy to removing sodium • Most live on wood from land • Some live on grass in salt marshes • Others live on algae, mangroves or sand

  15. Maritime Lichens • Lichens: mutualistic associations between a fungus and an alga

  16. Diatoms • 2 basic diatom shapes: • Radially symmetrical valves (generally planktonic) • Bilaterally symmetrical valves (generally benthic)

  17. Diatoms • Diatomaceous sediments • Sink and collect on the seafloor • Mined for use as filtering material, a mild abrasive, and for soundproofing and insulation products • Accumulate in siliceous oozes accounting for most of the worlds petroleum reserves

  18. Alveolates • Dinoflagellates • Globular, unicellular (sometimes colonial) with 2 flagella • Most are planktonic, some are benthic and others parasitic • Can be bioluminescent – Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico

  19. Alveolates (Dinoflagellates) • Ecological roles of dinoflagellates • Major component of phytoplankton • Some are parasites of copepods (crustaceans) • Zooxanthellae: symbionts of jellyfish, corals and molluscs

  20. Alveolates (Dinoflagellates) • Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) • Photosynthetic dinoflagellates undergo a population explosion • Colors the water red, orange or brown • Dinoflagellates that cause HABs produce toxins • Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) occurs in humans • Toxins cannot be destroyed by cooking • Oxygen content of the water may be reduced to deadly levels as bacteria decompose animals killed by dinoflagellate toxins

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