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The Enlightenment Era

The Enlightenment Era. 1700-1800. Beginnings in Paris Roughly 1700 Spread to Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain, Italy, and North America French is now the language of choice. What is “Enlightenment?. Traditions and Superstitions. Reason & Logic. nostalgia for the past Absolutism

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The Enlightenment Era

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  1. The Enlightenment Era 1700-1800

  2. Beginnings in Paris • Roughly 1700 • Spread to Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain, Italy, and North America • French is now the language of choice

  3. What is “Enlightenment? TraditionsandSuperstitions Reason& Logic nostalgia for the past Absolutism organized religions Irrationalism emotionalism Empiricism Tolerance Rationalism Skepticism Deism

  4. Centers of Enlightenment

  5. The Philosophe • polymathic --– broad knowledge • autonomous –-- beholden to no one. • sociable –-- worked with other philosophes. • moral obligation –-- improve society. - find the most just and efficient“systems.” (economic, political, social)

  6. The “Republic of Letters” • URBAN –-- gathering of elites in the cities. (salons) • URBANE --– cosmopolitan, worldly - music, art, literature, politics - read newspapers & the latest books. • POLITENESS –-- proper behavior - self-governed.

  7. Why Study the Enlightenment? • Its values –-- autonomous & free use of one’s own reason, toleration, progress &questioning authority. • Assumptions –-- perfectibility of all humans; reliability of the evidence of the senses & instruments of measurement. • Practices –-- technological treatment of nature. • Institutions –-- scientific institutes, centralized states, & technocratic experts.

  8. The Importance of the Salon

  9. Literacy: - 80% for men; 60% women. • Books were expensive (one day’s wages.) • Many readers for each book (20 : 1) - novels, plays & other literature. - journals, memoirs, “private lives.” - philosophy, history, theology. - newspapers, political pamphlets.

  10. “Must Read” Books of the Time

  11. The Culture of the Enlightenment

  12. The Rococo Style • 1715-1774 • A reaction to the Baroque • Style • Purely ornamental • Flowing curves • Elegance • Open, light • Subject themes – nature, religion, passionate emotions

  13. A Drawing Room

  14. Jean-Honore Fragonard “The Swing” 1761

  15. “The Stolen Kiss” late 1780s

  16. “Young Woman Reading” 1776

  17. “The Pleasures of Life” Jean-Antoine Watteau 1718

  18. “Morning Coffee” Francois Boucher 1739

  19. “Marquis de Pompadour” 1756

  20. Music and the Enlightenment • Opera • Spreads throughout Europe in the 18th Century • The “biggies” • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Christoph Gluck • Joseph Haydn • Court Composer • Antonio Salieri – Austria • Franz Joseph Haydn – England • George Frideric Handel - Germany

  21. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) • Enlightenment Values in: • 1. Education • Only was taught music because it was his interest • 2. Music • Light and airy • Considered to be the “Musical Descartes” • “The Marriage of Figaro” • 3. Thought • Played in the homes of the wealthy • Played free outdoor concerts • Traveled Europe • Taught piano lessons

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