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Cold War to Present Day

Cold War to Present Day. 17.1 – Increased Tensions between the US and USSR lead to development of a “Cold” War Root of the tension came from differing political views (communism vs. democracy) and resentment lingering from WWII (non-aggression pact & delay of D-Day). Yalta Conference (Feb 1945)

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Cold War to Present Day

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  1. Cold War to Present Day • 17.1 – Increased Tensions between the US and USSR lead to development of a “Cold” War • Root of the tension came from differing political views (communism vs. democracy) and resentment lingering from WWII (non-aggression pact & delay of D-Day)

  2. Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) • Set up plans for post-war Europe • Divide Germany into occupied zones • German reparations to USSR • USSR declare war on Japan • Free elections in Eastern Europe • United Nations (Jun 1945) • 48 original members • 11 members of Security Council • 5 permanent Members of Security Council • US, USSR, France, UK, China • Veto Rights

  3. USSR • 2 million WWII deaths • Cities & factories destroyed • Encourage communism – worldwide workers revolution • Use E. European resources to rebuild USSR’s war-torn industry • Control E. Europe to provide security and balance of power • Divided Germany prevents future wars of aggression United States • 400k WWII deaths • Cities & factories survive • Encourage democracy to prevent spread of communism • Wanted resources and markets to expand industry • Rebuild Europe = new foreign markets • Reunite Germany and increase security in Europe

  4. Stalin ignores Yalta agreement • Installed or ensured communist gov’ts in E. Europe • Desire for buffer from invasion • Winston Churchill introduces “iron curtain” (Mar 5, 1946) • Potsdam (July 1946) • Truman presses for free elections • Stalin declares communism and capitalism cannot exist

  5. Containment • Block Soviet influence and stop expansion of communism by forming alliances and helping weak countries resist communist advances • Truman Doctrine • Provide aid to countries that reject communism • Ex: $400m in aid to Turkey and Greece • Marshall Plan • $12.5b assistance program for Europe; offered food, machinery and materials to rebuild Europe • Approved by Congress after communists seized power in Czechoslovakia • Ex: Berlin Airlift

  6. June 1948 – May 1949 • 278k flights carrying 2.3m tons of supplies • “Candy-bomber” • Flight every 3 minutes

  7. The impact of Cold War on rest of the World • Military Alliances • NATO • Warsaw Pact • Brinkmanship • Arms Race • A-Bomb, H-Bomb, Nuclear Bombs • Military Expansion • Space Race • Espionage (CIA/MI-6/KGB)

  8. Discuss how Europe became a “battlefield” between the US and USSR during the late 1940’s. Use one or both of the cartoons below to support your answer.

  9. China and Communism • 17.2 – The rise of communism and its impact on China • 19.5 – The reform of communism and its impact on China

  10. Chinese Civil War resumes after Japan withdraws at the end of WWII Mao Zedong • Mobilized peasants against Japanese during war • Won loyalty of peasants through improved food production & literacy • Experienced guerilla army • Promised to return land to peasants Jiang Jieshi(Chiang Kai Shek) • Took $1.5b in aid from US to fight Japanese during war • Forwarded supplies and money to corrupt officials • Large, ineffective army w/ low morale • Continued to accept US aid but lost popular support

  11. Communist forces defeat Nationalists who flee to Taiwan • Mainland China = People’s Republic of China (communist) – supported by USSR • Taiwan = Republic of China (nationalist) – supported by US • Impact on UN?

  12. Writing Prompt • Which China deserves the Permanent Seat on the UN Security Council? Defend your position. • When finished – SILENTLY read 17.2 (starts on pg 538)

  13. Mao expands PRC’s land holdings Inner Mongolia India Tibet Tibet claims independence in 1949 PRC invades Tibet in 1950 Promised autonomy but tightened control in late 1950’s Dalai Lama flees to India along w/ Tibetan refugees Increased border dispute

  14. “Mandate of Heaven” Communist Party (1% of pop) separate from national government Seized privately owned farms – killed those who opposed Forced peasants onto collective farms 5-year plans Nationalized industry and forced production quotas By 1957 increased coal, cement, steel and electricity Industry grew 15% per year but agriculture lagged behind

  15. Great Leap Forward Began in early 1958 Increased size of collective farms Communal living Ended in 1961 Famine => crop failure Results in shift away from strict socialism when Mao reduced role in government Families live in own homes Sell crops grown on small private plots of farmland Creates rift between USSR and PRC Mao felt shift weakened communist goal of social equality

  16. “learn revolution by making revolution” Millions of students leave class – form Red Guard 1966 - Cultural Revolution Goal: Create a society of equals (peasants and workers) Goal: to cleanse modernist communists Goal: Save ‘radical communism’ Red guards shut down schools, churches, factories Lasted until 1968 when army used to put down Guards Even Mao believed it had gone too far Guards were exiled to the countryside, arrested or executed Impact: turned many Chinese against radical communism

  17. Zhou Enlai leads China out of cultural revolution & begins Political reform • China’s isolation worried Enlai • In early 60’s China had split with USSR over leadership of world communism; hostile to US over support of Taiwan • 1971 - Invited US Table Tennis team to China • Impact on UN? • 1972 – President Nixon visits China • Began cultural exchange and limited trade • 1979 – US and China open full diplomatic relations

  18. Mao and Zhou die in 1976 paving way for economic reform • Radical holdovers from Cultural Revolution jailed as moderate take control of Communist Party • Deng Xiaoping emerged as leader of China by 1980 • Willing to embrace economic capitalism while maintaining communist government

  19. Four Modernizations • Agriculture • Ended communes -> leased land to farmers • Rent paid in quota; surplus sold for profit • Food production increased by 50% from 1978-1984 • Industry • Permitted privately owned businesses • Managers set quotas for state-run industry • Welcomed foreign investment and technology • Defense • Science and Technology

  20. Impact: • Living standards improved • Income increased – people buy luxury items • Gap between rich and poor • Appearance of political corruption • Foreign tourism increased • Westernization of clothing and music • Students study abroad • Influx of Western political ideas • Students question lack of freedoms • Tiananmen Square • Tank Man

  21. China has continued to repress individual freedoms while pursuing economic reform • Hong Kong • July 1, 1997 – Turned over the Chinese by British • Promised to honor political liberties and economic systems through 2047 • By 2003, Gov’t had begun to implement restrictions on Hong Kong • Lingering issues: • Human Rights • Tibet • Relations with US • Censorship of media • Individual restriction of freedoms

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