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Cell Respiration

Understand how cells convert food into energy through the steps of glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain in aerobic respiration. Learn how oxygen plays a vital role and the alternative process of fermentation. Discover the energy harvest in aerobic respiration compared to fermentation. Explore the applications of fermentation in food production.

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Cell Respiration

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  1. Cell Respiration The process by which cells turn food molecules into cell energy

  2. The Complete breakdown of foods occurs in aerobic respiration The general reaction of aerobic respiration is: glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat • This reaction occurs in steps: • Glycolysis • Transition reaction • Krebs Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  3. Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Splits a 6-carbon sugar into 2 x 3-C pyruvates • Reaction sequence: Sugar (6C)  2 Pyruvates (3C) • Produces: • 2 ATP molecules • 2 NADH2

  4. Transition reaction • Processes pyruvate so that it can enter mitochondrion • The reaction sequence: 2 pyruvate (3C)  2 acetyl (2C) • Produces: • 2 NADH2 • 2 acetyl groups easily enter the mitochondrion of the cell

  5. Transition between cytoplasm and mitochondrion

  6. Krebs Cycle • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the mitochondria (stroma) • Cyclical series of reactions which breaks down acetyls releasing CO2 • Produces: • 2 ATP’s • 6 NADH2 • 2 FADH2

  7. Up to this point, the entire molecule of glucose has been broken down to form 6 CO2’s • Yet, only 4 ATP’s have been formed during: • Glycolysis • Transition & • Krebs Cycle Potential energy of NADH2 and FADH2 can be released in Electron Transport Chain

  8. Electron Transport Chain – harvests potential energy of NAD and FAD coenzymes Occurs along inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondrion

  9. Overall Energy Harvest of Aerobic Cell Respiration Much more ATP than the 4 molecules received through Gly, Trans, and Krebs!!

  10. We metabolize more than sugars!!

  11. Can cells produce ATP without oxygen being present? • Oxygen removes e-’s from the Electron Transport Chain to help make ATP • If oxygen is not present, NADH2 must be oxidized to NAD+ to allow cells to make ATP

  12. Animal cells engage in fermentation • Fermentation allows NAD+ to be recycled • Fermentation produces 2 ATP’s per molecule of glucose broken down • Glucose is not completely broken down

  13. Plant and fungal cellsengage in fermentation • This process also allows NAD+ to be recycled • Produces 2 ATP’s per molecule of glucose broken down • Glucose is not completely broken down

  14. Fermentations producemany foods and drinks! • Dairy fermentations • Cheeses • Yogurts • Sour cream • Fermented foods • Breads • Tofu and tempeh • Pickles, sauerkraut • Fermented beverages • Wines, beers, ales

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