The Changing Face of Structural Engineering Education

The Changing Face of Structural Engineering Education Presented by Craig E. Barnes, P.E., SECB

Basic Education ProgramInterface of Practitioners/Schools • Basic education, training, and examination as a prerequisite for Certification as a Structural Engineer shall consist of: • a) An equivalent to one full academic year of formal education in structural engineering beyond Elementary Strength of Materials at a school of higher education. • b) Four years of supervised structural engineering practice/training under a registered structural engineer. • c) Passage of the Fundamentals in Engineering Examination. • d) Passage of the Structural Discipline Principles and Practice Examination.

Topics Introduction to Structures Forces Moments/couples Equilibrium and stability Concept of stress Concept of strain Stress-strain relationships Plane trusses – method of section and method of joints Frames Shear and bending moment diagrams – focus on the relationship between load, shear, moment and deflection Objectives Identify stable structures. Develop and use free-body diagrams. Evaluate the internal actions (shear, bending, and axial) in commonly used planar structural systems (trusses, frames, and beams). Draw shear and bending moment diagrams. Analysis 1

Topics Introduction and review of statics. Axially loaded members including indeterminate problems. Bending of beams. Shear and bending in beams. Torsion including indeterminate problems. Compressive members/instability. Formulate and apply stress transformations and related extensions to principal stresses and maximum in-plane shear stress. Compute shear flow and location of shear center for any thin-walled cross-section. Understand the derivation and application of flexural deformation using basic principles Slope and displacement of a beam by integration. Slope and displacement of a beam by moment-area. Indeterminate beam reactions using moment-area. Formulation and application of the Euler buckling formula. Stress transformation, Mohr’s circle. Beam deformations: double integration, moment-area, and indeterminate beam analysis. Stability, morphology, and analysis of statistically determinate two- and three- dimensional structural systems. Analysis of articulated beams and frames. Slope-deflection method. Moment distribution for beams and frames. Virtual work – trusses, beams, and frames. Approximate Methods. Influence lines. Load Paths Objectives Compute deformations (axial, shear, and bending) in statically determinate structures using Virtual Work. Compute member actions in statically indeterminate structures using Virtual, Work, Slope-Deflection, and Moment Distribution. Distinguish between different methods and judge when it is appropriate to use each of the methods. Approximate actions in statically determinate and indeterminate structures and judge when it is appropriate to use approximate methods. Use approximate methods to verify computer analysis results. Draw influence lines for statically determinate and indeterminate structures and use these influence lines to specify critical loading combinations. Determine internal stress distributions at discrete points in the beam. Apply relationships between stress and strain under individual and combined loading and determine deformations due to tension. Calculate moments of inertia of regular and irregular shapes. Evaluate determinacy (including degrees of indeterminacy) and stability. Draw deformed shapes for beams and frames. Analysis 2

Topics Review of matrix algebra. Basic concepts: Flexibility vs. stiffness Flexibility method. Stiffness method: Trusses Stiffness Method: Beams & Frames Stiffness Method: Three Dimensions. Stiffness Method: Special Topics. Introduction to Finite Element Analysis and Nonlinear Analysis. Objectives Understand the theoretical basis of matrix methods. Model and analyze real-world structures appropriately. Understand advanced analysis methods such as finite element analysis and nonlinear analysis. Matrix Methods

Topics Historical development of steel as a building material. Loading of steel building structures. Properties of structural steel. Design stresses and factors of safety. Design of laterally braced and un-braced beams. Design of beam-columns, use of AISC interaction equations. Objectives Understand the use of steel as a building material. Understand the properties of steel including the manufacturing processes and types. Analyze and design tension members, beams, and compression elements. Understand the application of AISC – Manual of Steel Construction. Recognize, analyze and design combined stress elements. Steel Design I

Topics Structural design computations for beams, girders, columns and beam-columns. Design of connections (bolted & welded). Structural working drawings (plan, elevation and connection details). Overview of failure mechanisms and design procedures for plate girders. AISC requirements for prevention of various failure mechanisms. Design of flanges, web, stiffeners and welds. Philosophy of energy absorption in a shear mechanism. Requirements for the design of a link, the adjacent beam and the diagonal bracing of an Eccentric Braced Frame. Objectives Develop framing schemes for steel structures. Design moment and braced frame systems. Detail structural steel. Design composite sections. Design plate girds design (buckling shear). Steel Design II

Topics Materials Flexural behavior and design Deflections Shear Development of reinforcement Columns Objective Understand material properties of reinforced concrete. Understand concrete member strain and stress states. Analyze and design reinforced concrete beams subject to bending, shear, and axial, load including combined stresses. Analyze and design reinforced concrete columns the bending, shear and axial load including combined stresses. Detail reinforcement to develop required strengths. Understand the application of ACI-318. Basic Education for a Structural EngineerCourse & ContentConcrete I – Normally Reinforced

Topics Introduction, general design principle, material and anchorages. Loss of prestress. Analysis of flexural sections. Design of flexural sections. Design of composite sections. Design of shear. Prestress transfer bond, anchorage zone. Cable profile, deflection. Partial prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement. Design of continuous beams. Post-tensioning two-way slabs. Objectives Understanding of the reasons and process for selecting prestressed and precast concrete for building systems/elements/architectural use. Understand prestressing and precast materials and manufacturing processes. Understand structural systems using prestressed and precast concrete members and the importance of connections. Design of basic structural members using both pre- and post-tensioning. Design of connections. Basic Education for a Structural EngineerCourse & ContentConcrete II – Prestress/Post-Tension

Topics Properties of wood and lumber/Grades. Design of members to resist bending. Design of members to resist axial forces. Design of shear walls and diaphragms. Configuration of timber buildings. Design of connections. Objectives Understand the material characteristics of timber. Design timber beams and columns for axial, shear, bending, and combined stresses. Design plywood shear walls and horizontal diaphragms. Understand the capacity of connectors (nail and bolts) used in timber construction. Understand timber properties that affect its structural performance. Develop conceptual designs for timber structural systems that are stable under vertical and lateral loads. Describe the load flow through timber structural systems for vertical and lateral loads. Basic Education for a Structural EngineerCourse & ContentTimber

Topics Introduction: types of masonry, masonry construction, properties of masonry, grout, mortar, and reinforcement. Design and Analysis of Beams and Lintels. Design and Analysis of Columns and Pilasters. Design and Analysis of Reinforced Masonry Walls: bearing walls and shear walls. Objectives Identify the unique characteristics and behavior of masonry. Analyze and design columns/pilasters, beams/lintels, bearing walls, and shear walls. Basic Education for a Structural EngineerCourse & ContentMasonry

Topics Kinematics of a particle. Kinetics of a particle: Force and acceleration. Kinetics of a particle: Work and Energy. Kinetics of a particle: Impulse and momentum. Planar kinematics of a rigid body. Planar kinetics of a rigid body: Force and acceleration. Planar kinetics of a rigid body: Work and energy. Planar kinetics of a rigid body: Impulse and Momentum. Characteristics of earthquakes; causes, faults, seismic waves, plate-tectonics, magnitude and intensity; strong ground motion etc. Response of single D.O.F. structural systems to earthquake ground motion; concept of response spectra; design spectra; damping, damping ratios. Response of multi-D.O.F. structural systems subjected to earthquake ground motion; mode shapes and frequencies; earthquake response analysis by mode superposition. Inelastic seismic behavior and design of structural systems; concept of ductility. Behavior of building structures under earthquake loading including reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, masonry and timber structures. Objectives Develop a dynamic mathematical model for a rigid body. Write the equation of motion for a rigid body. Determine the response of a rigid body. Apply building code principles to seismic analysis both empirical (static analysis) and modal. Understand response of buildings, influence of soil, principles of damping Understand lateral forces on parts of buildings and contents. Basic Education for a Structural EngineerCourse & ContentDynamic Behavior (including seismic)

Topics Description and properties of foundation bearing materials Field exploration Lateral earth pressure Slope stability Shallow foundation (footings, rafts, mats) Pile foundations Caisson foundations Retaining walls Objectives Understand material properties of soils and ledge. Understand the relationship between insitu foundation bearing materials and allowable foundation and lateral pressure values presented in NFPA/IBC codes. Be able to determine the empirical strength for insitu bearing material and design appropriate deep or shallow foundation. Understand the effect of seismic forces and liquefaction on foundations. Basic Education for a Structural EngineerCourse & ContentFoundation Design/Soil Mechanics

Topics Review of basic grammar Report structure Report execution Communicating with lay people Objectives Craft a technical report/paper, well written and prepared for the target audience Make a cogent oral presentation to a technical audience/to a lay audience. Basic Education for a Structural EngineerCourse & ContentTechnical Writing

Basic Education ProgramInterface of Practitioners/Schools • Basic education, training, and examination as a prerequisite for Certification as a Structural Engineer shall consist of: • a) An equivalent to one full academic year of formal education in structural engineering beyond Elementary Strength of Materials at a school of higher education. • b) Four years of supervised structural engineering practice/training under a registered structural engineer. • c) Passage of the Fundamentals in Engineering Examination. • d) Passage of the Structural Discipline Principles and Practice Examination.

As you probably know, NCSEA has recommended Basic Education Requirements for Structural Engineers, and surveyed all Engineering Schools in the USA about meeting the requirements. (You can go to the NCSEA website for more information on the requirements and the survey. Go to www.ncsea.com click on “2002 Basic Education Requirements” in the lower right hand corner of the page.) NCSEA will be re-surveying all Universities with Civil Engineering Departments in the USA for compliance with the Basic Education Requirements. The last time this survey was issued, there was a 32% return rate. We would like to get a 100% return rate this time. The first objective is to send a new survey to each of the 288 Civil Engineering Departments, and to receive back a completed survey. Surveys received by NCSEA will be reviewed and evaluated for compliance with the Basic Education Requirements. The second objective will be to inform each school if they meet the requirements. If they do not, then coach or assist them to develop a program and offer the courses that meet the requirements. NCSEA is looking for SENH members and other State Organization members to act as the main contact and liaison between NCSEA and a school where the liaison received a degree. The liaison person will send out the new survey form to the school, assist the school in completing the forms, and having the form returned to NCSEA. The liaison person will also assist NCSEA to encourage a school to meet the requirements. On the next slide is a partial list of engineering schools that some of our members have graduated from and received a BSCE and/or MSCE degree. This list covers the New England area and upstate New York. Please review this list and consider volunteering as the liaison. If your school is not on the list, and you would like to volunteer, I will add your school to the list. I will do my part and volunteer to the liaison for my alma mater, Northeastern University. I am asking NCSEA members to volunteer as liaison for a school listed, or any school outside of Northern New England where you received a degree. This is an easy task, one that you would complete by making contact with your school and co-coordinating efforts by phone. Please review the list of schools and let me know (via email) which school you will volunteer to the liaison, and provide the information requested on the list. Feel free to volunteer for a school that is not on the list. I will forward all volunteer information to NCSEA who will then contact you directly and provide you the survey form and instructions for being a liaison. Thank you in advance for your support of this program.

NCSEABasic Education Survey

The Changing Face of Structural Engineering Education