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Classroom Sugarin’ A Lesson that Sticks With You by Pete Barnum

Classroom Sugarin’ A Lesson that Sticks With You by Pete Barnum. Lesson 1. Legend of Discovery Introduction to the Maple Sugaring. Maple Syrup Industry. Maple syrup production is the oldest agricultural enterprise in the United States.

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Classroom Sugarin’ A Lesson that Sticks With You by Pete Barnum

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  1. Classroom Sugarin’A Lesson that Sticks With You by Pete Barnum

  2. Lesson 1 Legend of Discovery Introduction to the Maple Sugaring

  3. Maple Syrup Industry • Maple syrup production is the oldest agricultural enterprise in the United States. • Native Americans taught European settlers the process of making maple syrup. • Maple syrup is unique because production rarely meets demand. • Vermont is the leading state of production. • Maple Syrup Production provides over $50 million annually to U.S. farms. 1.1

  4. Maple Syrup in Michigan • Michigan ranks5th in the production of maple syrup producing approximately 90,000 gallons of syrup annually. • Maple syrup industry contributes $2.5 million annually in Michigan. 1.2

  5. The Discovery of Maple Syrup • A young boy was asked by his mother to fetch a pail of water. On his way to the creek he passed a hollowed out log that was full of “water.” He brought that “water” back for his mother so he didn’t have to walk so far. His mother used the “water” to cook a rabbit. When the family ate the rabbit, it tasted sweet like never before. 1.3

  6. The Discovery ofMaple Syrup Cont. • His mother and father asked where he brought the water from. They went back to the hollowed log to see if that “water” could have made it taste sweet. When they tasted the “water” it was slightly sweet. When they looked up they noticed that the tip of a maple tree branch was broken and dripping sap into the log. That is how maple syrup was first discovered. 1.4

  7. Where and When isMaple Syrup Made? • Maple syrup is only produced commercially in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. • Maple syrup is made during the months of February, March and April. • Maple sap runs when there are freezing nights and warm days during latewinter and early spring. 1.5

  8. The Basic Process • Select Trees to Tap • Tap Trees • Collect Sap • Boil Sap • Test for Finished Syrup • Filter and Can Syrup 1.6

  9. Lesson 2Tree Anatomy Which trees are best for maple syrup production?

  10. Crown Leaves Branches Trunk Bark Cambium Layer Sap Wood Heart Wood Roots Tap Roots Fibrous Roots Anatomy of a Tree 2.1

  11. Parts of a Tree 2.2

  12. Crown • The crown is the entire area of the tree that contains branches with leaves. • The size and shape of the canopy is effected by the environment and the tree species. • The leaves serve as the energy factory for the tree to grow as is it collects the energy from the sun. 2.3

  13. Leaves • Function of Leaves 1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their food. 2. The leaf carries out transpiration which is the loss of water and the gas exchange of CO2. 3. The leaf can store some food, which can be transferred to other areas of the plant. 2.4

  14. Leaves • Leaves contain cells full ofchloroplasts. • Chloroplasts are the ultimate energy factories of the tree. • Chloroplasts convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar) and oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. 2.5

  15. Cross Section of Leaf • Chloroplasts concentrated in Palisade. • Xylem and Phloem connect all the way to roots. iusd.k12.ca.us/uhs/ cs2/leaf_cross-section.htm 2.6

  16. Photosynthesis • Basic Reaction • Balanced Reaction • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 www2002.stoke.gov.uk/ museums/pmag/nathist/edu 2.7

  17. Leaf Parts 1. The blade, which is the main body of the leaf. 2. The petiole, which is the structure which attaches the blade to the stem. 3. The midrib, which is the large central vein down the middle of the leaf. 4. The apex, which is the tip of the leaf. 5. The base, which is the bottom of the leaf and attaches to the petiole, or if a petiole is absent, directly to the stem. (A leaf with no petiole is said to be "sessile.") 6. The margin, which is the edge of the leaf. 2.8

  18. Types of Leaves 1. Simple leaves which are undivided leaves or have a totally intact blade. 2. Compound leaves which are leaves whose blade is divided into several distinct leaflets. 3. Needle leaves which are narrow, compact leaves such as pine or fir needles. 2.9

  19. Trunk • Function of Trunk or Stem 1. Transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. 2. Supports the leaves of a plant and also the fruit and flowers. 3. Food storage. 4. Diametrical growth in the cambium, where cell division occurs. 2.10

  20. Cross Section of Trunk • Xylem and Phloem transports water and nutrients throughout the tree. • Xylem transports materials up. • Phloem transports materials down. • Sapwood stores liquid and food produced by the tree. http://www.forest.nsw.gov.au/publication/forest_facts/aboutwood/default.asp 2.11

  21. Roots • Functions of Roots 1.Absorbs water, oxygen and nutrients (root hairs take up H2O and nutrients). 2.Transports water and nutrients to the stem. 3.Anchors the plant and keeps it in a stable position. 4.Stores food in the form of starch (for example in the taproot of a carrot or turnip). • Note: Maple tree feeder roots start just six inches below the surface of the soil. 2.12

  22. Types of Roots 1. The fibrous root system, such as in corn or beans in which the roots branch from the bottom of the plant; or 2. The taproot where a long tapering root, such as in the carrot and dandelions, develops. 2.13

  23. Is All Sap Equal? maple.dnr.cornell.edu/ kids/compare_sugar.asp 2.14

  24. Lesson 3Sap Movement Physiology

  25. SAP… Too Move or Not Too Move? • Many factors effect sap movement during the syrup season. • Freezing Nights and Warm Days • Minimum and Maximum Temperature • Length of Freeze and Thaw • Availability of Soil Moisture • Sap Sugar Concentration • Barometric Pressure 3.1

  26. The Details • Freezing temperatures cause the gases in the tree (CO2 and O2) to contract causing a negative pressure (vacuum) in the tree. • This allows more water (if available) to be absorbed by the roots. • Warm temperatures cause the gases to expand creating a positive pressure in the tree. 3.2

  27. The Details Cont. • The taphole allows pressure to escape the tree in the form of gases and liquids (sap). • This cycle continues throughout the season. • Pressures of up to 50 PSI (pounds per square inch) have been recorded. 3.3

  28. Lesson 4Tree Identification

  29. Identifying Maple Trees • All native species of Maple trees may be used to produce syrup. • Maple trees are easily identified even after their leaves have fallen because of their opposite budding pattern and thin twigs. • American Beech may also be used as they are part of the maple family. 4.1

  30. Identifying Maple Trees • There are four easily noted tree characteristics that can be used to identify trees when the leaves are not available. • Budding Pattern • Shape of Buds • Shape of Twigs • Bark Pattern 4.2

  31. Budding Patterns • The following are the two common budding patterns found in hardwood (non-coniferous) trees. • Opposite • Buds or branches are found directly across from each other. • Alternate • Buds or branches are found alternating from side to side. 4.3

  32. Alternate Budding 4.4

  33. Opposite Budding 4.5

  34. American Beech Fagus grandifolia • Budding Pattern - Alternate • Buds - Seven times as long as wide. • Twigs - Thin • Bark - Silver and smooth. This is the tree many people carve words into. 4.6

  35. American Beech www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ forestry/commontr/sugar.htm 4.7

  36. Sugar MapleAcer saccharum • Budding Pattern - Opposite • Buds - Sharp and pointed. • Twigs - Thin • Bark - Rough with the long irregular vertical plates that peal away from the trunk. 4.8

  37. Sugar Maple www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ forestry/commontr/sugar.htm 4.9

  38. Red MapleAcer rubrum • Budding Pattern - Opposite • Buds - Blunt or rounded red buds. • Twigs - Thin • Bark - Young growth 4-8 inches have smooth light gray bark that gives way to gray or black ridges. 4.10

  39. Red Maple www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ forestry/commontr/sugar.htm 4.11

  40. Silver MapleAcer saccharinum • Budding Pattern - Opposite • Buds - Clumps of blunt or rounded red buds. • Twigs - Thin • Bark - Similar to Red Maple. 4.12

  41. Silver Maple www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ forestry/commontr/sugar.htm 4.13

  42. Norway MapleAcer platanoides • Budding Pattern - Opposite • Buds - Blunt or Rounded • Twigs - Thin • Bark - Smooth bark with a diamond shape pattern similar to an ash tree. • Note: Norway maples are a non-native species planted as ornamental trees and are not commonly used to produce maple syrup. 4.14

  43. Norway Maple www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ forestry/commontr/sugar.htm 4.15

  44. Lesson 5Tapping and Collecting Guidelines and Procedures

  45. How Many Taps? • Each tree must be measured and evaluated to determine the number of taps to put in the tree. • It must also be checked to ensure the tree is healthy enough to be tapped. • Tapping guidelines based on diameter of the trunk will provide the basis for this decision. 5.1

  46. Traditional (Not Recommended) Diameter……….# of Taps 10-15 1 15-20 2 20-25 3 25+ 4 Conservative (Recommended) Diameter……....# of Taps 12-18 1 18+ 2 Tapping Guidelines 5.2

  47. Measuring Tree Diameter • Tree Diameter Tape • Biltmore Stick • String • Note: When using any method above remember to measure diameter at 4.5 feet from the base of the tree DBH (diameter breast height). 5.3

  48. Diameter Tape • Wrap tape around tree. • Read tape where the “0” mark lines up with the corresponding numbers. www.agnr.umd.edu/.../ Publication.cfm?ID=77 5.4

  49. Biltmore Stick • First establish the point to be measured on the tree, which is 4.5 feet above the ground. • Find the “Diameter of Tree(inches)” side of the stick. • Stand facing the center of the tree and hold the stick horizontally at arms length (25 inches) so you can see the measurement increment. • Line up the zero end of the stick with the left side of the trunk of the tree and look (do not move your head) to the point where the right side of the trunk meets the stick. www.agnr.umd.edu/.../ Publication.cfm?ID=77 5.5

  50. Using a String • Cut a string 57 inches long. • Color the last 19 inches. • Wrap the string around the tree. • If the uncolored end touches the string in the colored section the tree diameter is between 12 and 18 inches. • If the ends of the string do not meet the tree has a diameter larger than 18 inches. • If the uncolored end touches the string in the uncolored section the tree diameter is less than 12 inches. 5.6

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