RDA and BIBFRAME: A need of Science and Technology libraries under digital environment

1. RDA and BIBFRAME: A need of Science and Technology libraries under digital environment Dr. Sunil Goria Deputy Librarian, (Commonwealth Fellow, UK) G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263145, India sunilgoria@yahoo.com

2. Introduction • In the present digital age of information, Science and technology (S&T) digital resources (i.e. online journals, e-books, online databases etc) have been increased very fast all over the world. • According to STM report 2012, there were about 28,100 active scholarly peer-reviewed journals in mid 2012, collectively publishing about 1.8–1.9 million articles a year. • Nowadays most of S & T libraries are rich in digital information resources. • In libraries, catalogue is a set of organized data describing the information content for accessing information. • Research and developments have been done in library cataloguing since 1961- first cataloguing principles known as Paris Principles. • In 1967, AACR (Anglo American Cataloguing Rules), 1st edition was published. • In 1978, AACR2 was published with later revisions in 1988, 1998, and 2002.

3. MARC was developed by the LC during the late 1960s as for creation and dissemination of computer-readable catalogue records. • In 1971, International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) for bibliographic description of Monographic Publications was published. • In 1998, Functional Requirement for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) was published by IFLA. • US MARC was renamed as MARC-21 in the year 1999. • In 2004 Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) were presented at the 70th IFLA General Conference and Council. • RDA is developed during 2004-2009 and published in 2010. • In 2010, the three U.S. national libraries (the LC, the NAL and the NLM), academic, research, special, and public libraries tested RDA. • LC started to implement RDA from April 1st , 2013. • Other libraries have already begun to implement RDA. • In 2011, LC officially launched BIBFRAME (Bibliographic Framework) initiative as a replacement of MARC-21.

4. RDA (Resource Description and Access) • RDA is the new cataloging standard intended to succeed AACR2. • It is developed by the Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA (JSC). • The members of JSC are • The Library of Congress (LC), • The British Library, • The American Library Association (ALA), • The Canada Committee on Cataloguing, and • the Australian Committee of Cataloguing. • RDA has been developed for the new digital environment the world’s libraries currently work within. • It provides a comprehensive set of guidelines and instructions on resource description and access covering all types of content and media. • Overall purpose of RDA is providing “a set of guidelines and instructions on formulating data to support resource discovery” (0.0). • It helps users to find, identify, select, and obtain the information they want.

5. Need of RDA • There are significant differences between RDA and AACR2 • The structure of RDA is different from AACR2. • AACR2 was basically developed for bibliographic description of documents on card catalogues. • Miksa (2009) pointed out that the AACR2 is weak on access points. • AACR2 lacks the concepts of the FRBR and FRAD models. • RDA has been developed specifically with focus on users. • AACR2 is known as bibliographic standard while RDA is designed as a content standard for recording the content of bibliographic data. • RDA allows sharing data in digital world.

6. The data created using RDA to describe a resource are designed to assist users performing the following tasks discussed in RDA toolkit: • Find—i.e., to find resources that correspond to the user’s stated search criteria • Identify—i.e., to confirm that the resource described corresponds to the resource sought, or to distinguish between two or more resources with similar characteristics • Select—i.e., to select a resource that is appropriate to the user’s needs • Obtain—i.e., to acquire or access the resource described • The structure of RDA is different from AACR2. Miksa (2009) has compared the chapters of RDA with AACR2, 2nd edition.

7. RDA and AACR2

9. FRBR family • The FRBR is a conceptual model of the bibliographic universe, describing the entities in that universe, their attributes, and relationships among the entities. • In FRBR family, the entities are divided in the following three groups and relationship among the entities are established . • Group 1 - includes intellectual and artistic endeavor that are named or described in bibliographic records: work, expression, manifestation, and item. FRBR focus on Group 1. • Group 2 - are the entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination or the custodianship of such products: person and corporate body. FRAD focus on Group 2. • Group 3 - are the entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor: concept, object event, place, and any of the Group 1 or Group 2 entities – you can have a work about another work or about a person, etc. FRSAD focus on Group 3. • They are conceptual models to explain the purpose of bibliographic and authority records and how they relate to the needs of users.

10. FRBR model: Group-1

11. ‘book,’ may be physical thing held in library collections– FRBR calls this an item. • ‘book’ may be “publication” identified by an ISBN. The set of all items bearing the same characteristics, both physical form and content– FRBR calls this manifestation. • ‘book’ may be translated– we may have a specific text in mind in a specific language or a translation – FRBR calls this expression. The audio book version is a different expression. • ‘book’ may be as “who wrote that book?” – we mean a higher level of intellectual or artistic content that the ideas in a person’s head for a book – FRBR calls this work.

12. The Novel The Movie Orig. Version Transl. Orig. Text Critical Edition FRBR Entity Levels (Tillet, 2004) Work: Expression: Manifestation: Paper PDF HTML Item: Copy 1 Autographed Copy 2

13. Group 1 Entities’ Attributes (Tillet, 2004) FRBR • Work • ID • Title • Date • etc. • Expression • ID • Title • Form • Date • Language • etc. • Manifestation • ID • Title • Statement of responsibility • Edition • Imprint (place, publisher, date) • Form/extent of carrier • Terms of availability • Mode of access • etc. • Item • ID • Provenance • Location • etc.

14. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ WORK EXPRESSION MANIFESTATION ITEM 100   1_ $aWinton, Tim,$d1960- 240   10   $aCloudstreet.$lGerman 245   13   $aDas Haus an der Cloudstreet :$bRoman / $cTim Winton ; aus dem australischen Englisch von Barbara Lehnerer 260   __   $aFrankfurt am Main :$bKruger,$c1998. 300   __   $a493 p. ;$c22 cm. 700   1_   $aLehnerer, Barbara,$etranslator. 900   __  $aLibrary’s copy signed by the author. (bibliographic record for the German translation of Cloudstreet).

15. FRAD (Functional Requirement of Authority Data)- Grpup-2 • Authority data represents the controlled access points and other information that are used to collocate works by a specific person, family, or corporate body, or the various editions of a title. • Entities of FRAD model are: • Person, • Families, and • Corporate bodies.

16. Attributes of FRAD entities • Person • Title of person, Gender • Place of birth, Place of death • Country, Place of residence • Affiliation, Address etc, • Family • Type of family, Dates of family • Places associated with family • Field of activity, History of family • Attributes of a corporate body • Place associated, Dates associated • Language of the corporate body • Address • Field of activity, History • Other information associated with the corporate body

17. Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR): Group-3 • Subject access to information has been a significant approach of users to satisfy their information needs. • Group 3 entities represent an additional set of entities that serve as the subjects of works: concept, object, event, and place. • The FRSAR Working Group introduced the two entities: • Thema(i.e. subject/topic/concept): any entity used as a subject of a work • Nomen (i.e. Name): any sign or sequence of signs (alphanumeric characters, symbols, sound, etc.) that a thema is known by, referred to, or addressed as. • “Type” and “scope note” can be considered general attributes. • Example- “A brief history of time: from the big bang to black holes” by Stephen W. Hawking. • The work has several themas: “cosmology”, “space and time”, “unification of physics”, “black holes”, “big bang”, “universe”, etc.

19. RDA Toolkit • RDA Toolkit is an integrated, browser-based, online product that allows users to interact with a collection of cataloging-related documents and resources, including RDA. • RDA instructions that are searchable and browsable • Workflows and other procedural documentation that is created by subscribers and can be shared within an organization or with the entire community of subscribers. • Mappings of RDA to different schemas, including MARC 21. • Two views of RDA content—by table of contents and by element set • Full text of AACR2. • MARC Record Examples of RDA Cataloging

21. BIBFRAME (Bibliographic Framework)www.bibframe.org • BIBFRAME has been developed as replacement of MARC-21 in the leadership of the LC . • It is the foundation for the future of bibliographic description that happens on, in, and as part of the web and the networked world we live in. • The BIBFRAME Initiative will bring new ways to: • Differentiate clearly between conceptual content and its physical manifestation(s) (e.g., works and instances) • Focus on unambiguously identifying information entities (e.g., authorities) • Leverage and expose relationships between and among entities • RDA elements are part of the BIBFRAME vocabulary.

22. The BIBFRAME Model consists of the following main classes (http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/docs/model.html) : • Creative Work - a resource reflecting a conceptual essence of the cataloguing item. Subjectness -Topic, Person, Place and entities -Person, Organization, • Instance - a resource reflecting an individual, material embodiment of the Work. • Authority - a resource reflecting key authority concepts. Examples - People, Places, Topics, Organizations, etc. • Annotation - a resource that decorates other BIBFRAME resources with additional information. Examples - Library Holdings information, cover art and reviews. • BIBFRAME the World Wide Web Consortium’s Resource Description Framework (RDF) model practice of identifying as Web resources all entities (resources), attributes, and relationships between entities (properties). • The BIBFRAME model and its components are still in development.

23. BIBFRAME Annotation • An Annotation asserts information about a resource; the resource is referred to as the Annotation Target. • In the BIBFRAME context, the Target is a BIBFRAME resource: Work, Instance, Authority, or Annotation • General Annotation Assertions: RDF triples with properties which are common to all BIBFRAME Annotations. bf:annotates. Expresses the Target. • bf:payloadSource. Expresses the source of the payload of the Annotation. Generally, a BIBFRAME Authority. (Payload The collective information in the objects of the class-specific assertions). • bf:annotationAssertedBy. Expresses the Annotator.

24. RDA and BIBFRAME for S & T Libraries • Digital resources have been increasing in S&T libraries all over the world. • The purpose of RDA is to support the production of catalogue data that can be managed by current and future database technologies. • One of the important aspects in RDA is that it can be used for the description of both traditional and nontraditional resources in libraries. • The web-based RDA Toolkit is very convenient to use and navigate for cataloguers and library professionals. • RDA provides a comprehensive set of guidelines and instructions on resource description and access covering all types of content. • It will facilitate the requirement of web-based online cataloguing tools. • It will be the backbone for the future semantic web OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue).

25. RDA allows users to add their own notes online. • RDA has developed keeping in mind present and future requirement of libraries after thorough study, practical testing and involvement of international experts and organizations. • Use of RDA has been started in the academic and national libraries of developed countries like US and UK. • BIBFRAME is in the developing stage. • RDA and BIBFRAME are foundation for Semantic web. • In conclusion, RDA and BIBFRAME will be the requirement of Science and Technology libraries in future in digital environment for sharing the data.

26. Bibliography • Cronin, Christopher (2011). This is Just the Beginning: Implementation of RDA & Thoughts on Next Steps for our Metadata Infrastructures. Library Administrators Conference of Northern Illinois (LACONI), 25 February 2011. Available online at http://www.laconi.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/RDA-UChicago-LACONI.pdf • International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). (2008). Functional requirements for bibliographic records: Available online at http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr_2008.pdf • International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Study Group on the Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRNAR). (2008). Functional Requirements for Authority Data. Available online at http://archive.ifla.org/VII/d4/wg-franar.htm • International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Working Group on the Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR) (2010). Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) A Conceptual Model Available online at http://www.ifla.org (accessed on 6.6.2012) • Library of Congress (2012). Bibliographic Framework as a Web of Data: Linked Data Model and Supporting Services. http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/marcld-report-11-21-2012.pdf • Miksa, Shawne D. (2009) Resource Description and Access (RDA) and New Research Potentials. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, Vol. 35, No.5, pp.47-50. • Oliver, Chris. (2010). Introducing RDA: A Guide to the basics, Chicago, American Library Association, Available online at http://www.alastore.ala.org/detail.aspx?ID=2897 • http://bibframe.org • http://www.loc.gov/bibframe • http://www.rda-jsc.org/

27. Thanks