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HEALTH BEHAVIOURS

HEALTH BEHAVIOURS. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity World Health Organisation (1948). What Is Health?. The Multifactorial Determinants of Health. Behavioural:. Exercise Smoking Substance abuse Diet

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HEALTH BEHAVIOURS

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  1. HEALTHBEHAVIOURS

  2. Health is a state of complete physical, mentaland social well-being, and not merely theabsence of disease or infirmity World Health Organisation (1948) What Is Health?

  3. The Multifactorial Determinants of Health Behavioural: Exercise Smoking Substance abuse Diet Sexual behaviour Risk-taking Hygiene

  4. The Multifactorial Determinants of Health Biological: Genetic/hereditary Aging

  5. The Multifactorial Determinants of Health Environmental: Housing Sanitation/hygiene Pollution Accidents Infections Occupational hazards

  6. The Multifactorial Determinants of Health Socio-economic: Social class Income Education

  7. The Multifactorial Determinants of Health Medical care: Access to good services Screening services Immunisation

  8. Health Behaviour Health behaviours include overt and covertbehaviour patterns, actions and habits thathave a positive or negative influence on anindividual’s physical, mental and socialwell-being

  9. Health Behaviour Health behaviour patterns are influenced byand reflect personal beliefs, expectations,motives, values, perceptions, personalitycharacteristics and affective states, socialstructures and processes, and environmentalsocietal, economic, and cultural determinants

  10. Health Behaviour Health behaviour patterns may, in turn,themselves influence these personal, socialand environmental attributes.

  11. Wellness behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by people whoare well, in order to maintain good health Preventive behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by people whoare well, in order to prevent ill-health A Typology of Health BehavioursKolbe (1984)

  12. At-risk behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by people who knowthey are at risk, in order to maintain goodhealth or prevent ill-health Illness behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by people whoare ill in order to find a way to get better A Typology of Health BehavioursKolbe (1984)

  13. Self-care behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by people whoare ill in order to cure themselves Sick-role behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by people whoare ill in order to seek a cure by others A Typology of Health BehavioursKolbe (1984)

  14. Reproductive health behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by expectant parentsin order to ensure the health of their unbornchildren Parenting health behaviours: Behaviours undertaken by parents in orderto ensure the health of their children A Typology of Health BehavioursKolbe (1984)

  15. Health-related social action: Behaviours undertaken by groups ofpeople in order to ensure the healthof the community A Typology of Health BehavioursKolbe (1984)

  16. Health-related behaviours: Behaviours undertaken for reasons otherthan health that nevertheless have aneffect on health Health-directed behaviours: Behaviours undertaken primarily for healthreasons Health-related vs Health-directed Behaviours

  17. Social-Cognitive Theories Behaviour is goal-directed Behaviour is a function of peoples’beliefs and expectations People make conscious decisionsbased upon their beliefs and expectations Beliefs and expectations are a functionof one’s social environment

  18. The Health Belief ModelRosenstock (1966); Becker & Maiman (1975) People will not engage in preventive health behavioursunless: • They possess some minimal level of health knowledge • They view themselves as susceptible to some condition • They view the condition as threatening • They are convinced as to the efficacy of compliance • They see few difficulties or barriers in undertaking the action

  19. Beliefs about: The Health Belief Model • Susceptibility to illness • Severity of the condition • Benefits of action • Barriers to action

  20. Demographic and Psychosocial Factors Perceived benefits minus Perceived barriers Perceived susceptibility andseverity Perceived threat Cues to action (media campaigns, advice, experiences etc,) Likelihood of taking action The HealthBelief Model

  21. Janz & Becker (1984) Preventive health behaviours Sick-role behaviours Clinic utilization Substantial support for the modelacross 40+ studies

  22. N of studies finding a significant relationship Total N of studies Janz & Becker (1984) Significance Ratios

  23. JANZ & BECKER (1984) Significance Ratios Overall Ratios Susceptibility .77 Severity .59 Benefits .81 Barriers .91

  24. Harrison et al. (1992)Meta-analysis of HBM studies • Only 16 studies met inclusion criteria • Variance accounted for by any single dimension ranged from 1% to < 10% • Questions raised about the utility of the model

  25. Threat Likelihood of Action (Susceptibility + Severity) = Conceptual Problems Systematic relations among the constructs never formally spelt out + (Benefits – Costs) Influence of any one variable is not affected byany other variable

  26. Malaria Bunions Conceptual Problems Threat = susceptibility + severity Susceptibility Low High a b Low Severity c d High Health beliefs must interact to produce outcomes

  27. Three Types of Belief Outcome expectancy: It will/will not produce the outcome Efficacy expectancy: I can/can’t do it Personal value: I want/don’t want the outcome

  28. Types of Belief in the HBM Outcome expectancy: Benefits of action Efficacy expectancy: Barriers to action? Personal value: Severity of condition

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