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Cold War: US-Russian Relations and Policy Analysis

Explore the representation of Cold War feelings in cartoons, analyze US international and domestic policies during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations, and understand how US-Russian relations have changed.

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Cold War: US-Russian Relations and Policy Analysis

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  1. Cold War SSUSH 20

  2. Bell Ringer • What do these cartoons represent? • What do they have to say about Cold War feelings between the US and Russia? • How have US-Russian relations changed today?

  3. SSUSH20 Analyze US international & domestic policies including their influences on technological advancements & social changes during the Truman & Eisenhower administration.

  4. a. Analyze the international policies & actions developed as a response to the Cold War including containment, the Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, and the Korean War.

  5. DO NOW: • Examine. • Who is this man? • What is he doing? • What does this map represent? • Name this cartoon – explain your choice.

  6. QUESTION: • Why is it called the Cold War?

  7. Roots of Cold War: UNITED STATES: SOVIET UNION: Communism Dictatorship Could not worship as they pleased Could not own private property Could not express their views freely • Capitalist democracy • Private property • Respected individual freedoms & differences **Both countries differed on how to rebuild/deal with Germany after World War II.

  8. The Cold War: 1945-1991 • The Cold War was the era of confrontation and competition beginning immediately after WW II between the United States and the Soviet Union

  9. Truman Doctrine • Proposed by President Harry Truman in 1947, The Truman Doctrine provided aid to any country battling Communist aggression • It was immediately used to support the free governments in Turkey and Greece against communist threats

  10. Containment Policy • Containment • The U.S. key foreign policy towards the Soviet Union and communism • Used to block, or contain, communist expansion into other countries • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was created to provide for the mutual defense of Western Europe from the newly atomic armed USSR

  11. Marshall Plan: • After WW II much of Europe was devastated physically and economically • To rebuild Europe and support democratic ideas, the U.S. developed the Marshall Plan which provided billions of dollars in aid to European countries • The Soviet Union rejected the aid and developed it’s own economic program • The US gave $13.3 billion dollars to help rebuild Europe and aided 22 European countries

  12. China: • Truman Doctrine & containment were not successful in Asia • China became involved in a civil war: Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) vs. the Communists (Mao Zedong) • The US supported the Nationalists, while the USSR supported the Communists • 1949: China became a communist country & the US became fearful that China and Russia would attempt to make all of Asia communist

  13. Korean War: 1950-1953 • At the end of WW II Korea was split into two at the 38th parallel, with the Soviets occupying the north and the U.S. occupying the south • Both the North and the South formed their own governments and claimed the entire country as their own. • In 1950 the Soviet backed North Korean Army invaded South Korea nearly capturing the whole country

  14. Korean War • The U.S. Army backed by United Nations troops, counter-attacked and pushed the North Korean Army to the border of China • Feeling threatened by the advance, China attacked and forced the U.S. to retreat back behind the 38th parallel

  15. Korean War • The two sides eventually signed an armistice in 1953 • The U.S. then began to build up their military and signed defense agreements with many Asian countries • The U.S. also began sending aid to French forces fighting Communist forces in Vietnam

  16. Korean War: • Long-term effects: • no victory/clear winner • North Korea remained communist allied with China; South Korea stayed noncommunist allied with the US • Truman had committed US troops with no declaration of war; set a precedent that other Presidents would later follow • Led to increased military spending

  17. b. Connect major domestic issues to their social effects including the G.I. Bill, Truman’s integration policies, McCarthyism, the National Interstate & Defense Highway Act, & Brown v. Board of Education.

  18. G.I. Bill: • When WWII ended, Americans were afraid that their wages would fall during peacetime • Federal government enacted the G.I. Bill that granted veterans a variety of benefits (1 year of unemployment payments, received financial aid to attend college, government loans to build homes & start businesses)

  19. G.I. Bill: • Had huge impacts on American society • Home loans caused a huge surge in home construction • Created large growth in suburban areas • Boosted education & allowed over 8 million veterans to go to college

  20. Truman’s Integration Policies • Unlike FDR, Truman refused to remain passive about segregation • Created a special committee on civil rights to investigate race relations; made several recommendations that Congress refused • Acting on his own, in 1948, he issued an executive order to desegregate the armed forces; took place during the Korean War. • He also ordered an end to discrimination in hiring government employees. • Helped to break down stereotypes and allowed Americans to develop relationships with other races

  21. Senator Joseph McCarthy • The rise of Communism in the Soviet Union and China, and the war in Korea gave rise to a new Red Scare in the U.S. WHEN DID THE FIRST RED SCARE OCCUR? • Many Americans felt as though the U.S. was losing the Cold War battle and wanted a government explanation • In 1950 Senator McCarthy claimed to have a list of 205 men working for the U.S. government who were members of the Communist Party-this claim propelled him into the American spotlight

  22. McCarthy • In 1952 McCarthy began holding hearings about Communism, accusing many in the government of being spies, or Communist sympathizers • His “witch-hunt” for communist became know as McCarthyism. Those who openly challenged McCarthy would be accused of being a communist sympathizer

  23. McCarthy-ism • McCarthy’s downfall began in 1954 when, in televised hearings, he accused the U.S. Army of containing communists • As millions of Americans watched on TV, he openly badgered and harassed witnesses • With pressure from the American people, Congress censured McCarthy, ending his political power

  24. National Interstate & Highways Act: • Passed in 1956 by Eisenhower • Because of the boom of suburban growth, there was little public transportation from the suburbs to the cities (for work) • Built over 41,000 miles of highways were built to provide better transportation

  25. Brown v. Board of Education (1954): • President: Dwight Eisenhower • Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that separate schools for whites and blacks were unequal – and thus unconstitutional. • Some Southern communities refused to accept the Brown decision. In 1955, the Supreme Court handed town a second Brown ruling. It ordered schools to desegregate more quickly.

  26. Brown v. Board of Education (1954): • In 1951 in Topeka, Kansas, a parent challenged his local school board by suing on grounds of segregation • His daughter had to attend an all Black school that required her to walk a mile, even though the closest (white) school was only seven blocks away • NAACP took on the case that went all the way to the Supreme Court

  27. The school desegregation issue reached a crisis in 1957 in Little Rock, Arkansas. • The state’s governor refused to let 9 black students attend Little Rock Central High School. • President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to allow the students to enter the school.

  28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oodolEmUg2g

  29. c. Examine the influence of Sputnik on US technological innovations

  30. Sputnik: • In Oct. 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space • The following month, they launched another satellite, this time carrying a dog onboard • The launches shocked Americans, who had long believed that they were superior in the area of technology • Americans became afraid that the Soviets could launch missiles at them from space

  31. Sputnik: • Although President Eisenhower tried to “downplay the satellite as a ‘useless hunk of iron,” he became anxious about keeping America ahead of all Soviet achievements. • This created an urgency to initiate a space program to get American satellites in the air (NASA). • Led to the creation of NASA

  32. Sputnik: • Increased a huge push for funding of math and science education in American schools • Inspired a generation of engineers & scientists to develop new technology

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