LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES PART 2: EARTHQUAKES

1. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIESPART 2: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2. WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH A FLAWED PREMISE: KNOWLEDGE FROM EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR ANNUALLY ON A GLOBAL SCALE, IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION SUSCEPTIBLE TO EARTHQUAKES ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT WILL FACILITATE ITS OWN DISASTER RESILIENCE

3. FACT: IT USUALLY TAKES MULTIPLE EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS BEFORE A STRICKEN NATION WILL ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES THAT MOVE IT TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

4. FACT: MOST UNAFFECTED NATIONS DON’T EVEN TRY TO LEARN ANYTHING NEW FROM ANOTHER NATION’S EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS AND CERTAINLY DON’T CONSIDER THEM TO BE A BASIS FOR CHANGING EXISTING POLICIES

5. EXAMPLES OF PAST EARTHQUAKE DISASTER LABORATORIES

6. PACIFIC RING OF FIRE • CIRCUM-PACIFIC NATIONS ARE PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS

7. OTHER EARTHQUAKE- PRONE LOCATIONS

8. TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/ LOSS TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING

9. CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES GLOBAL “DISASTER LABORATORIES” LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

10. EXAMPLE: 240,000 DEAD AFTER “BULLS-EYE” EARTHQUAKE • TANGSHAN, CHINA (1976) EARTHQUAKE: The impossible situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

11. EXAMPLE: 230,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI • INDONESIA (2004): The impossible situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

12. EXAMPLE: 88,000 DEAD AS RESULT OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS • CHINA (MAY 2008): • The impossible situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

13. EXAMPLE: 220,000 DEAD AS RESULT OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS • HAITI (2010): • The impossible situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

14. EXAMPLE: 30,000 DEAD AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI • JAPAN (2011): • The impossible situation; too late for a race against time” to save lives and protect property.

15. EXAMPLE: SEARCH AND RESCUE OF SURVIVORS IN COLLAPSED BLDGS. • TURKEY (1999) KOCALEI EARTH-QUAKE): • Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

16. BOUMERDES, ALGERIA; 2,226 DEAD (MAY 21, 2003)

17. EXAMPLE: GUJARAT, INDIA 20,800 DEAD (JAN 26, 2001)

18. EL ASNAM, ALGERIA; 3,500 DEAD (OCT. 10, 1980)

19. EXAMPLE: DAMAGE TO ESSENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE– A SCHOOL • ALASKA (1964): Timely search and rescue during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

20. EXAMPLE: DAMAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI • ALASKA (1964): • Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

21. EXAMPLE: LIQUEFACTION DESTROYED OVER 1,000 BUILDINGS • NIIGATA, JAPAN (1964): • Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

22. EXAMPLE: COLLAPSE OF HIGH-RISE APARTMENT BUILDINGS • MEXICO CITY AFTER 1985 EARTHQUAKE: Timely responses during a forty-eight hour and thirty day “race against time” save lives and protect property

23. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF ELEVATED HIGHWAY; DEATHS • LOMA PRIETO, CA (1989): • Timely responses during a forty-eight hour and thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

24. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION • LOMA PRIETA, CA EARTHQUAKE (1989): • Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

25. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY • NORTHRIDGE, CA (1994): • Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

26. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY (NO DEATHS) • KOBE, JAPAN (1995): “The forty-eight hour and thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property.

27. EXAMPLE: LOSS OF FUNCTION FROM 600 FIRES • KOBE, JAPAN (1995): “The race against time” to save lives and protect property.

28. EXAMPLE: HAZ-MAT RELEASE AND FIRE AFTER EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI • ALASKA (1964): Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

29. EXAMPLE: RADIATION RELEASE FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT • JAPAN (2011): Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

30. EXAMPLE: SEARCH AND RESCUE TO SAVE TRAPPED SURVIVORS • CHINA (2013): • Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

31. EXAMPLE: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES AFTER EARTHQUAKE • CHINA (2008): Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

32. EXAMPLE: EMERGENCY MEDICAL • CHINA (2008): • Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

33. EXAMPLE: INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE • PAKISTAN (2005): Timely responses during a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

34. EXAMPLE: MASS CARE OF SUR- VIVORS AFTER QUAKE AND TSUNAMI • CHILE EARTHQUAKE: “The race against time” to save lives and protect property starts immediately.

35. EXAMPLE: A TENT CITY FOR SURVIVORS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE • HAITI (2010): Timely temporary housingduring a thirty day “race against time” to save lives and protect property

36. EXAMPLE: SURPRISE! DEBRIS FROM JAPAN’S TSUNAMI NOW IN USA • SENDAI, JAPAN AFTER THE MARCH 2011 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI: What will happen to the radioactive debris?

37. EXAMPLE: TAKING CARE OF THE DEAD KILLED IN NON-ENGINEERED BLDGS. • IRPINIA, ITALY EARTHQUAKE (1980): • Timely responses during a forty-eight hour “race against time” to save lives and protect property

38. LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL • The people who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., strong ground motion, oil effects, tsunami wave run up, ground failure),2) where and when they will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them will survive.

39. LESSON: TIMELY, REALISTIC DISASTER SCENARIOS SAVE LIVES • The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with strong ground shaking, tsunami wave run up, and ground failure will survive.

40. LESSON: EMERGENCY RESPONSE SAVES LIVES • The “Uncontrollable and Unthinkable” events will always hinder the timing of emergency response operations, especially the search and rescue operations that are limited to “the golden 48 hours.”

41. LESSON: EMERGENCY MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS SAVES LIVES • The local community’s capacity for emergency health care (i,e., coping with damaged hospitals and medical facilities, lack of clean drinking water, food, and medicine, and high levels of morbidity and mortality) is vital for survival.

42. LESSON: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERED BUILDINGS SAVE LIVES • Buildings engineered to withstand the risks from an earthquake’s strong ground shaking and ground failure that cause damage, collapse, and loss of function, is vital for protecting occupants and users from death and injury.

43. LESSON: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ALWAYS PROVIDES AID • The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure earthquake disaster resilience.

44. FACTMOST OF THE 200 + NATIONS NEED EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICIES THAT ARE BASED ON LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST EARTHQUAKE DISASTER LABORATORIES

45. PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EM RESPONSE • RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE • MONITORING • HAZARD MAPS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION YOUR COMMUNITY HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

46. PILLARS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE Preparedness Adoption and Implementation of a Modern Earthquake Engineering Building Code Realistic Earthquake Disaster Scenarios Timely Emergency Response (including Emergency Medical Services) Cost-Effective Reconstruction & Recovery

47. THE CHALLENGE: POLICY CHANGES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

48. AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL STRATEGYTo Create Turning Points for Earthquake Disaster Resilience USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

49. MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGYTo Achieve Earthquake Disaster Resilience INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSWITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS IN EVERY NATION FOR REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, DISASTER SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY