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The Brain and Behavior Outline

Explore the functions, evolution, and structure of the brain and how neurons send signals through action potentials, synapses, and reflexes. Learn about the basic unit of the neuron and methods for studying the brain including EEG, CT scans, and MRI scans.

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The Brain and Behavior Outline

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  1. The Brain and BehaviorOutline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses: What does the signal do? • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  2. Functions • Communication • Coordination • Control • Cognition • Complexity

  3. Brain Structure

  4. Brain Structure DRUGS

  5. Outline: Start With A Mechanistic View • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses: What does the signal do? • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  6. Evolution

  7. Evolution • None • Nerve net • Segmented • Cephalization: an organizing principle • brain-mind correlation not always obvious! • Computer analogy (hardware/software) • Kineses • Taxes • Reflexes

  8. Simple Behaviors • Kinesis (potato bug, jumping beans) • Taxes (moth / maggot / fly / tick) • Reflex: (knee jerk) • Descartes 1637 St. Germaine on the Seine • Pineal • Mechanist

  9. “Synthetic Psychology”Ex. Phototaxis • Braightenberg: Vehicles

  10. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  11. The Neuron • 100 billion with thousands of connections • Varied in size, shape, function • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  12. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal originate? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  13. Origin of nerve signal • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  14. Generation • Two forces: • Electrical (ionic) • Chemical (concentration) • Give rise to steady-state voltage “resting potential” • Universal in cells

  15. Action Potential

  16. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  17. Movement of a Signal

  18. Action Potential • Cell actions • Speed: Muller (light), Helmholtz (43 m/sec)--myelinization • Refractoriness • All or none law-above threshold all equal • Coding of intensity: frequency codes intensity + recruitment (organizing principle)

  19. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  20. Synapses: What happens when signal reaches end of neuron? • Two types of actions - excitatory / inhibitory • Chemical model with multiple & functionally different neurotransmitters • Temporal & spatial summation

  21. Synapses

  22. Release of Neurotransmitter

  23. Synapses

  24. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  25. A Model for building behavior out of simple building blocks • Reflexes: • Building a model • Simple to complex • Voting behavior: • Competing inputs • Building complexity

  26. Reflexes: A model

  27. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  28. The Brain and BehaviorOutline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses: What does the signal do? • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  29. Methods for studying the brain • Single-cell and population recordings • Animal studies • Surgical patient studies • Stimulation • Animal studies • Surgical patient studies • Damage • Animal lesions • Human injury • Human surgical lesions • Neuroimaging

  30. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording • Electrodes are placed on the surface of the scalp and record/amplify the electrical signal given off by the brain • Event Related Potentials (ERPs) are used to study how the brain responds to different stimuli or events

  31. CT scan MRI scan

  32. Measures changes in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation Areas of the brain that are engaged more in a task, require oxygen rich blood Result show a very small but highly significant percent change in BOLD activation (the entire brain is active all the time) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagingin (fMRI)

  33. Connectivity measures Functional connectivity – uses resting-state fMRI data to chart cortical regions with temporal synchrony (correlation of activation patterns) Structural connectivity – measures the movement of water molecules to chart the white matter tracts (visualizing anatomy) Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI)

  34. Localization of Function • Different parts of the brain serve specialized functions • Sensory Information • Motor Control • Perception • Language • Planning and Social Cognition

  35. Localization of Function

  36. Localization/Topographic Projection

  37. What does the homunculus tell us? • Localization of motor and sensory function • Topographical organization • Cortical representation related to function not mass

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