World War II

1. World War II

2. What do you know about WWII?

3. Let’s Review… • Name the treaty that ended World War I • What did the Treaty do to Germany? • What was the League of Nations?

4. Treaty of Versailles • Ended World War I. • Made Germany pay reparations: payments to the winning countries for all the damage is caused. • Disarmed Germany. • Blamed Germany for starting the war. • Regions that were German belonged to other countries – Germans still living there. • How would Germans react to this?

5. League of Nations • “Make the world safe for Democracy” • FAIL! • Created to prevent aggressive acts. • Did not have any power to enforce violations. • Many of the major countries did not join. (Like the U.S.) • Russia was expelled in 1939, Germany and Japan withdrew in 1933, Italy in 1937

6. The Soviet Union • Under the leadership of Lenin, became a Communist state • Joseph Stalin: Grabs control of the Soviet Union in 1924 • Wanted to transfer from rural nation to industrial power • Within 11 years, Stalin’s 3 Five-year plans made Soviet Union the third largest industrial power

7. Joseph Stalin • Stalin looked to rid the Soviet Union of people who disagreed with him. • Top people executed for conflicting opinions • Estimated 8-13 million people killed • Totalitarianism: • Individuals have no rights and government suppresses all opposition • Complete control over citizens

8. Italy • Benito Mussolini • Establishes Fascist party in 1921 • Fascism: a political movement that consisted of a strong, centralized government headed by a powerful dictator. • Marches on Rome, Italian king allows him to form new government • Crushes all opposition and makes Italy a totalitarian state.

9. Germany • Controlled by Democratic government: the Weimar Republic • Germans angered by stipulations of the Versailles Treaty • Depression hits Germany hard! Inflation goes through the roof • High unemployment

10. Adolf Hitler • Adolf Hitler • Writes Mein Kampfwhile he is in prison: • Aryans are superior race destined to rule the world. • Uniting all German people in a great empire. • National expansion: believed Germans needed living space to thrive. • Nazism: political philosophy based on extreme nationalism, racism, and militaristic expansion. • Elected chancellor in 1933, dismantles Weimar Republic and creates the Third Reich.

11. Spain • Spanish Civil War: Francisco Franco (Fascist) leads revolt against government. • Germany and Italy support Franco, send and test out weaponry and troops. • Soviet Union supports Loyalist government • Franco wins, another totalitarian government in Europe

12. Japan • Militarist government takes control, believe in taking over more space for their people and resources. • Invade Manchuria (China) in 1931 • League of Nations does basically nothing. • Hideki Tojo: top military general, later becomes prime minister in 1941.

13. Aggression Begins… • 1935: Hitler builds up his military, violates Treaty of Versailles, 1936: sends troops into Rhineland. • Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935, League of Nations does little again. • Germany-Italy-Japan form alliance, sign Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Triple Axis) in 1940

14. United States • Well, what do we know about the United Stated during this time? • Great Depression going on • Isolated itself from world affairs • Do Americans believe we should get involved in wars? • NO! 70% of Americans believed the U.S. should not have even entered WWI.

15. United States • FDR foreign policy impacted by isolationism • Congress passes Neutrality Acts of 1935: • Outlawed sales or loans to nations at war • Ban arms sales and loans to nations undergoing civil wars • FDR gives “Quarantine Speech” in Chicago • Vague speech, favoring isolating aggressor nation • Takes a stand against isolationism. • Unfavorable response

16. Causes of World War II? Main Causes • Totalitarianism • Militarism • Nationalism • Imperialism Secondary Causes • Treaty of Versailles • Lack of Collective Security • Failure of appeasement

17. Neutrality Act of 1935 • Neutrality Acts of 1935 • Prohibited loans or the sales of weapons to countries at war • Bans the same for countries in a civil war

18. Neutrality Act of 1939 • Neutrality Act of 1939 • “Cash and Carry” • Countries could buy arms with cash and carry them back on their own ships Only way to stop Hitler and help Great Britain and France.

19. Axis Powers • Japan, Germany, and Italy sign pact in 1940 to pledge to come to the defense of the others if attacked. • Knew the Americans did not want to fight a two ocean war

20. America Prepares • Isolation causes the breakdown of the American military • 19th largest army in the world • Congress passes the first peacetime draft

21. Roosevelt Re-elected • Runs for unprecedented 3rd term, breaks tradition set by George Washington • Beats Wendell Wilke • Promises to keep America out of the war

22. Lend-Lease Plan • Great Britain runs out of money to spend on arms • Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act in 1941: lend or lease arms and supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the U.S.

23. Planning for War • Churchill and Roosevelt meet, set up Atlantic Charter • “A Declaration of the United Nations” (Allies: nations that joined together to fight the Axis) • German U-Boats sink American ships, neutrality tested to the limit.

24. Japan’s Ambitions • Wanted an Asian Empire (“New Asian Order”), start invading lands in Asia. • U.S. stood in its way because of Guam and the Philippines • U.S. cuts off trade, including oil. Japan needed resources. • Tojo now Prime Minister of Japan, orders attack on the United States.

25. Empire of Japan

26. Pearl Harbor • U.S. broke Japanese code and knew an attack was coming, but didn’t know when or where. • Peace talks fail between the U.S. and Japan • U.S. breaks codes late Dec 6th 1941 that instructed Japanese to reject all peace proposals. • The U.S. couldn’t strike because of the Neutrality Acts.

27. Pearl Harbor • f

28. Pearl Harbor

29. Pearl Harbor

30. Pearl Harbor

31. Pearl Harbor • Early Sunday Morning, Dec. 7th, 1941, “A date that will live in infamy” • Two waves, hour and a half of Japanese bombardment • The largest U.S. Naval Base in the Pacific • 18 ships and 300 planes damaged/destroyed, 2400 people die • U.S. declares war on Japan on Dec. 8th, three days later Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

32. The War for Europe • U.S. and Great Britain team up and make plans: • Decide to make defeat of Germany top priority. • Will only accept unconditional surrender • Roosevelt always considered Hitler #1 enemy of the U.S. • Stalin was desperate for help against invading Germans • U.S. could only count of Britain and Soviets to defeat Japan only AFTER Germany was defeated.

33. Battle of the Atlantic • Hitler orders raids on U.S. ships. • Sinks 681 Allied ships seven months into 1942 • Allies reorganize, develop convoy system using sonar and radar, inflict huge losses on German navy • U.S. speeds up ship-building process • Allies take control of Atlantic in 1943

34. Battle of Stalingrad • Germans look to push through the Soviet Union and take Stalingrad • Seize rich oil fields and take the industrial center • Within 3 months, Germans control 90% of city • Soviets launch successful counterattack • Stubborn Hitler orders to fight to the last man • Germans retreat - turning point of war

35. War in Europe • d

36. The North African Front • Led by U.S. and Britain against German AfrikaKorps, led by Edwin Rommel “The Desert Fox” • Operation Torch, led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower to push Germans out of North Africa • Germans surrender in May 1943

37. North Africa

38. Italian Campaign • Allied forces agree to move north to Italy • King strips Mussolini of his power stating “you are the most hated man in Italy” • Mussolini arrested causing Italian celebration to end of war • Hitler seizes control of Italy and reinstates Mussolini into power • Allied forces push on • Mussolini found by revolutionists and shot

39. Italian Campaign

40. D-Day • Brits and U.S. build invasion force for 3 years • General Eisenhower commander of the Allies • Paratroopers sent in day before to assist in breaking down German forces • June 6, 1944: Attacked 5 different locations on the 60 mile stretch of beach • 156,000 troops/4,000 launching crafts/600 warships/11,000 planes • Largest land-sea-air operation in history • Becomes the entry into France

41. D-Day

42. War in Europe ends • Germans try last gasp push in Battle of the Bulge, lose too many men and arms to continue, retreat. • Death Camps liberated • Soviets storm Berlin, Hitler commits suicide on April 30th. • V-E Day: May 8th, 1945. General Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich.