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Energy Fundamentals

Energy Fundamentals . Measurement & Sources. Energy and Units. Relations between energy units are described by the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics . Energy: Common Units.

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Energy Fundamentals

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  1. Energy Fundamentals Measurement & Sources © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  2. EnergyandUnits Relations between energy units are described by the 1st Law of Thermodynamics © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  3. Energy: Common Units Joule- equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one meter (1 newton-meter or N·m). Calorie- traditional definition, one calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C, from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C. Kilowatt-hour (kWh)- a unit of energy equal to 1000 watt hours. A heater rated at 1000 watts (1 kilowatt), operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour. British Thermal Unit (Btu)- is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree F. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  4. Test Your Knowledge:Common Energy Units • Which are common units of measurement for energy? (List all that apply) a. Btu b. Megapascal c. kilowatt hour d. joule e. gallon • What can energy units represent ? (List all that apply) a. heat b. pressure c. work d. specific density Btu, kilowatt hours and joules are all common energy units. A megapascal (answer c) is a metric unit for pressure, and a gallon (e) is a unit for liquid capacity. Energy units can be measures of heat or work but not pressure or specific density. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  5. Energy: Equivalence Factors 1 Btu = 1,055 Joules 1 Btu = 252.16 Calories 1 Btu = 0.293 Wh = 0.000293 kWh 1 kWh = 859,845 Calories 1 kWh = 2.78 x 10-7 Joules © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  6. Energy: Unit Conversions To obtain Multiply By © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  7. Consistency of UnitsHow to Combine? Energy System A Energy System B 1,000 Btu 80 kWh NO:1,000 Btu + 80 kWh When combining different units YOU MUST CONVERT TO LIKE UNITS In this example, either convert Btu to kWh Or Convert kWh to Btu © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  8. Consistency of UnitsHow to Combine? YES: 1,000 Btu x .00029 kWh / Btu + .29 kWh 80 kWh x 1 kWh / kWh 80 kWh = 80.29 kWh OR YES: 1,000 Btu x 1 Btu / Btu + 1,000 Btu 80 kWh x 3412 Btu / kWh 272,960 Btu = 273,960 Btu © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  9. Test Your Knowledge:Energy Unit Conversions How many Btu’s are equivalent to 1 kilowatt-hour? _____ What operation would you first need to perform before adding joules and calories? 1 kilowatt –hour is equivalent to 3412 Btu Convert energy units to common units © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  10. Energy: Primary and Secondary Primary energy- refers to energy sources in their basic, unconverted form as found in nature. Secondary energy- refers to a converted form of a primary energy source. Note: any change in form of a primary source of energy results in secondary energy. *According to ISO 50001, electricity is a primary energy source. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  11. Energy Sources : Primary and Secondary *For the purposes of this course, and according to ISO 50001, electricity is a primary energy source. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  12. Primary and Secondary Energy Analysis Every conversion of primary energy into secondary energy involves a loss due to the transformation Energy conversion efficiency is defined as: © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  13. Test Your Knowledge:Energy Sources Combustion of natural gas is used to heat water and create steam. Identify which is: The primary source The secondary source Natural gas is a primary source because it is in an unconverted state. Steam is a secondary source because it requires combustion of a primary source (like natural gas) to be produced. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  14. Energy Content, also called Heat Content © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  15. Energy Content: Equivalence Factors 1 Btu/lb = 0.5558 kcal/kg 1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kg 1 Kcal/kg = 0.004184 MJ/kg © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  16. Energy Content: Unit Conversions To obtain Multiply By © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  17. Power and Energy Analogy Measuring POWER is analogous to measuring speed on speedometer. 100 mph at this moment instantaneous value Measuring ENERGY is analogous to measuring distance on an odometer. 3,413 miles cumulative value © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  18. Power and Energy: Power Units (instantaneous value): kW Btu/hr ft-lb/sec hp Energy Units (occurs over time, cumulative): kWh Btu ft-lb hp-hr © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  19. Power/Energy: Equivalence Factors Power Equivalents 1 hp = 0.746 kW; 1 hp = 746 W 1 kW = 1.34 hp; 1 W = 0.00134 hp 1 W = 3.412 Btu/hr; 1 kW = 3,412 Btu/hr 1 Btu/hr = 0.293 W; 1 Btu/hr = 0.000293 kW Energy Equivalents 1 ft-lb = 0.001285 Btu 1 Btu = 778 ft-lb 1 kWh = 3,412 Btu © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  20. Power/Energy: Unit Conversions To obtain Multiply By Power Energy © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  21. Utility Power and Energy * Some electric utilities measure power in kVA (kiloVolt Amps) © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  22. Test Your Knowledge Energy/Power Unit Conversions • How do you convert kilowatts to horsepower ? • x 0.746 • x 1.34 •  0.746 • x 3.412 • 2) How do you convert Btu / hrto horsepower? 1 kW equals 1.34 hp, answer b) is the correct conversion factor Multiply Btu/hr x 0.0003929 get hp. Note that this is a combination of two other factors: Btu/hr to kW and hp to kW. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  23. Reading Electric Bills © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  24. Definitions of Terms • Utility companies • “usage” = how much is consumed • ISO 50001 • “use” = what kind of application • “consumption” = how much is consumed © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  25. Common Electric Rate Types • Flat Rates • Common for Residential & Small Commercial • Block Rates (kW and Energy) • Common for Commercial & Industrial • Time of Use Rates (TOU) • Different Prices for Different Periods of Time © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  26. Flat Rate – How to Calculate Base + Excess + Fuel Recovery = Total Cost © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  27. What a Flat Rate Schedule Looks Like © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  28. Flat Rate –Where to Find the Price © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  29. Whata Flat Rate Bill Looks Like © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  30. Flat Rate BillWhere to Find Consumption © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  31. Block Rate* First energy consumed is most expensive The more you consume, the less expensive it gets Your rate is based on HUD* *Hours Use of Demand = no. hours to consume monthly kWh when drawing at billing demand kW Hours Use of Demand (hr)= monthly kWh/billing kW higher HUD = lower cost Always add Fuel Recovery Costs *sometimes called “Declining Block Rate” © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  32. Declining Rates Block Rate = Base + Fuel Recovery NOTE: Rates have been simplified here; they usually go to three decimal places. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  33. What a Block Rate Schedule Looks Like © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  34. Where to Find the Price © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  35. What a Block Rate Bill Looks Like © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  36. Block Rate Where to Find Consumption © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  37. CALCULATE HUD How to Calculate HUD: HUD = Consumption/BilledDemand HUD = 237,360 kWh/ 677 kW HUD = 351 hours © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  38. PLL Short Cut Sheet PLL RATE SHORT FORM UNDER 200 HUD kWh Range Correction Factor $/kWh 1 -3,000 $17.00 $0.11199 3001 - 10,000 $48.05 $0.10164 10,000 - 200,000 $199.75 $0.08647 OVER 200,000 $4,073.75 $0.06710 200 - 400 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 199.75 $15.21 $0.01143 OVER 1,000 $4,073.75 $11.13 $0.01143 400 - 600 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 199.75 $15.96 $0.00904 OVER 1,000 $4,073.75 $12.08 $0.00904 OVER 600 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 199.75 $17.47 $0.00653 OVER 1,000 $4,073.75 $13.58 $0.00653 APPLY RIDERS WHEN APPLICABLE. ADD FCR AND EXCESS REACTIVE DEMAND @ $0.27 PER KVAR. SALES TAX: ADD SALES TAX WHEN APPLICABLE. MINIMUM BILL: $8.00 PER KW OF BILLING DEMAND PLUS $15.75 PER METER PLUS EXCESS REACTIVE CHARGE PLUS FCR. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  39. PLL Short Cut Sheet PLL RATE SHORT FORM UNDER 200 HUD kWh Range Correction Factor $/kWh 1 -3,000 $15.75 $0.10099 3001 - 10,000 $43.14 $0.9186 10,000 - 200,000 $175.74 $0.0786 OVER 200,000 $3,703.74 $0.06096 200 - 400 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 175.74 $13.640 $0.01040 OVER 1,000 $3,703.74 $10.112 $0.01040 400 - 600 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 175.74 $14.512 $0.00822 OVER 1,000 $3,703.74 $10.984 $0.00822 OVER 600 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 175.74 $15.880 $0.00594 OVER 1,000 $3,703.74 $12.352 $0.00594 Short cut costs derived from rate schedule $175.74 + ($13.64/kW x 677 kW) + ($0.0104/kWh x 237360 kWh) + ($0.016897/kWh x 237360 kWh) = $15,889.24 © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4 39

  40. PLL Short Cut Sheet $175.74 + ($13.64/kW x 677 kW) + ($0.0104/kWh x 237360 kWh) + ($0.016897/kWh x 237360 kWh) = $15,889.24 PLL RATE SHORT FORM UNDER 200 HUD kWh Range Correction Factor $/kWh 1 -3,000 $15.75 $0.10099 3001 - 10,000 $43.14 $0.9186 10,000 - 200,000 $175.74 $0.0786 OVER 200,000 $3,703.74 $0.06096 200 - 400 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 175.74 $13.640 $0.01040 OVER 1,000 $3,703.74 $10.112 $0.01040 400 - 600 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 175.74 $14.512 $0.00822 OVER 1,000 $3,703.74 $10.984 $0.00822 OVER 600 HUD kW Range Correction Factor $/kW $/kWh 500 - 1,000 $ 175.74 $15.880 $0.00594 OVER 1,000 $3,703.74 $12.352 $0.00594 © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  41. Time of Use (TOU) Rate Price based on season, day, and time used Different prices for different blocks of time Rate is more forgiving when trying to reduce peak costs 41 © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  42. Time of Use Rate - kilowatt costs Summer (Jun – Sept) On-Peak (2pm to 7pm workdays) - 14.009 ¢/kWh Off-Peak (all other hours) - 6.312 ¢/kWh Non-Summer (Oct – May) First 1,500 kWh - 6.312 ¢/kWh Over 1,500 kWh - 2.420 ¢/kWh © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  43. Time of Use - Example Bill Mixed on-peak and off-peak © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  44. Time of Use - Bill Details © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  45. Test Your Knowledge Typical Billing Concepts Which of the following does NOT affect the cost of electricity for a customer? Season d) Fuel Demand e) Time of use Distance from generator Which rate charges less the more you use? Flat rate Block rate TOU rate c) Distance from generator does NOT figure in the price charged for electricity. b) Block rate reduces the charge per unit as the number of units increases. © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  46. Reading Natural Gas and Other Energy Bills © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  47. Natural Gas - Rate Types Firm: guaranteed delivery, higher price Interruptible: gas delivery is diverted to other essential consumers and back-up fuel is substituted, ensures lower gas price © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  48. Natural Gas Consumption and Billing Information Collect at least 12 months of natural gas bills Identify or calculate: Annual dollars spent Consumption (annual/monthly/daily) Burner Tip cost $/MMBtu, $/therm, $/DT MDQ (maximum daily quantity) GRAPH IT! © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

  49. Natural Gas - Municipality Billing

  50. Natural Gas - Municipal Supplier Facility Charge Rate Code Per Meter/Month Rate Per Therm Large General Service $150 Usage in ccf (hundred cubic feet) Nov to MarApr to Oct First 1,000 0.72001 0.61501 Next 4,000 0.67501 0.56501 Next 10,000 0.60001 0.48501 Over 15,000 0.58032 0.44501 Usage: 20,676 mcf = 206,760 ccf Base charge= $150. First 1,000 @ $0.72 $720. Next 4,000 @ $0.675 $2,700. Next 10,000 @ $0.60 $6,000. Next 191,760 @ $0.58032 $111,282.29 Calculated Bill = $120,853.29 = same as Actual Bill Unit Cost = $120,853.29 (20,676 mcf x 1.03 MMBtu/mcf) = $5.675 per MMBtu Block Charges © DOE and GaTech Research Corporation REV4

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