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Emergence of Modern Science

Emergence of Modern Science. NS 1300. Fall 2007. Dr. Brad Hoge. Chapter 25: Evolution. Historical Perspective. Plato Plato’s Ideal Aristotle Scala naturae Future Causes The Chain of Being. The Long Road to Recovery. Linnaeus taxonomy Hutton gradualism Lamarck evolution Malthus

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Emergence of Modern Science

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  1. Emergence of Modern Science NS 1300 Fall 2007 Dr. Brad Hoge Chapter 25: Evolution

  2. Historical Perspective • Plato • Plato’s Ideal • Aristotle • Scala naturae • Future Causes • The Chain of Being

  3. The Long Road to Recovery • Linnaeus • taxonomy • Hutton • gradualism • Lamarck • evolution • Malthus • populations • Cuvier • extinction • Lyell • uniformitarianism

  4. Darwin • Voyage of the Beagle • Origin of Species • Wallace • Natural Selection • Mendel

  5. Natural Selection and Adaptation • Species Fecundity • Stable Populations • Environmental Resources are Limited • Struggle for Survival • Variation within Populations • Differential Survivability • Successful Traits Accumulate

  6. Patterns of Evolution • Homology • Vestigial Traits • Biogeography • The Fossil Record

  7. Modern Synthesis • Theodosius Dobzhansky • Sewell Wright • Watson and Crick • Ernst Mayr

  8. Population Genetics • Population • Gene Pool • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

  9. Microevolution • Natural Selection • Genetic Drift • Bottleneck Effect • Founder Effect • Mutation

  10. Variation • Variation Within Populations • Polymorphism • Gene diversity • Nucleotide diversity • Variation Between Populations • Geographic variation • Sexual recombination

  11. Fitness • Optima • Relative Fitness • Selection • Directional selection • Diversifying selection • Stabilizing selection

  12. Level of Selection • Gene selection • Species selection • Population selection

  13. Sexual Selection • Sexual dimorphism • Mate Choice • Competition • The Ant and the Peacock

  14. Perfection • Evolution is limited by history • Adaptations is limited by survivability • There are no future causes • Chance happens • Not all change is good

  15. Macroevolution • Biological Species Concept • Ecological Species Concept • Pluralistic Species Concept • Morphological Species Concept • Genealogical Species Concept

  16. Genetic Isolation • Anagenesis • Cladogenesis

  17. Prezygotic Isolation • Habitat isolation • Behavioral isolation • Temporal isolation • Mechanical isolation • Gametic isolation

  18. Postzygotic Isolation • Reduced hybrid viability • Reduced hybrid fertility • Hybrid breakdown

  19. Speciation • Allopatric Speciation • Sympatic Speciation

  20. Examples of Speciation • Ring Species • Adaptive Radiation on Island Chains

  21. Rates of Speciation • Gradualism • Catastrophism • Punctuated Equilibrium

  22. The Role of Development • Allometric Growth • Heterochrony • Paedomorphosis • Homeotic Genes

  23. Rates of Mutation • Genetic Clocks • Mitochondrial DNA

  24. Relatedness • Morphology • Genetics • Phylogentics • Molecular Clocks

  25. Cladistics • Tree • Clade • Monophyletic Groups • Shared primitive characteristics • Shared derived characteristics • Outgroups • Parsimony

  26. Earth History

  27. Mass Extinctions • End of the Permian • Anoxia • Flood basalts • Volcanism • K/T • Bolide impact

  28. Paleobiology – The History of Life • Origin of Life • History of Life

  29. Humans

  30. To Be Human • Brain Size • Jaw Shape • Bipedal Posture • Reduced Dimorphism • Social Structure

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