Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language

1. Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language

2. Memory Memory – Example –

3. The Memory Process Three step process…. • Encoding: • Getting the info into the brain • Storage: • Retaining the info • Retrieval: • Getting the info back out

4. 4 Memory Models • Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 stage model • Modified Atkinson-Shiffrin • Connectivism Model

5. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 Step Model of Memory • Sensory memory – brief recording of sensory information • Example: • Short-term memory – memory that holds few items briefly before info is forgotten • Example – • Long –term memory – relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory. • Examples:

6. Sensory Memory • Sensory Memory – • Examples:. • Iconic Memory – • Echoic Memory –

7. Short Term Memory • Short –term memory – • Encoded visually, acoustically or semantically through rehearsal. • Hold items for about 20 seconds. Short Term Memory Activity

8. Long Term Memory • Long-term memory – • Examples:

9. Modified Atkinson – Shiffrin (3 Stage) Model • 2 New concepts • Working Memory – that combines novel (?) or important info along with info retrieved from • Instead of short-term memory being just a 20 sec. holding tank, this model includes the ability to briefly processinfo • Some info skips the 1st two stages in Atkinson’s/Shiffrins and is processed into • Example –

10. Modified Three-stage Model of Memory

11. Connectionism Model of Memory • Connectionism – • Many neurons may work together to process a single memory • memory emerges from particular • retrieval of the memory is a reconstruction based on each of the elements of the pattern

12. How We Encode 2 Types of Encoding • Automatically Processing • Automatic • Parallel • Effortful processing • Rehearsal

13. Encoding - Automatic Processing Automatic Processing – • Examples: • Time – • space – • Frequency – • well learned info –

14. Automatic Processing • Parallel Processing – • -unconscious or effortful • Example:

15. Automatic Processing Spring is the the most beautiful time of the year

16. Encoding – Effortful Processing • Effortful Processing – • Example: • Rehearsal – • Example:

17. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve • Ebbinghaus Curve – • Overlearning –

18. Effortful Processing • Spacing effect – distributed study is better for long-term recall than massed study (cramming) • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!! • Testing effect – repeated quizzing or testing improves retention

19. Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

20. Encoding Information • Serial Positioning Effect – • Primacy Effect – • Recency Effect – • Von Rostorff effect –

21. Encoding Exercise What We Encode… • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture/visual images. Example – 2. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Example: 3. Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. Example:

22. Encoding Exercise Visual Encoding • Imagery – visual images help us remember concrete words (aided by semantic encoding) Example: • Rosy Retrospection – recalling high points, forgetting theworst • Example:

23. Encoding Exercise Mneumonics • Mnemonic Devices – any memory aid that uses visual images and organizational devices • EXAMPLES: • Peg word system – • Example: One is a bun (chicken squashing bun), two is a shoe (corn filling up shoe)… • Method of Loci – • Example: remembering items on a grocery list by associating them with a place in our house (chicken is pecking at front door, corn smashed in foyer etc)

24. Encoding Exercise Mneumonics 3. Hierarchies – 4. Chunking– • Example: PORN – Proactive Interference: Old info interferes with New Retroactive Interference: New interferes with Old Every Good Boy Does Fine 1-800-IBM-HELP

25. Acoustic and Semantic Encoding • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Example: • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. • Examples: • Self Reference Effect –

26. Storage Types of Memory • Sensory Memory • Iconic • Echoic • Working Memory/Short-term • Long-Term Memory • Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory • Conditioned Memories • Explicit Memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Flashbulb Memories

27. Sensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment • After flashing an image, participants had a momentary mental image of all 9 letters • Iconic memory – • A momentary mental image that remains after the image is gone • Example: • A momentary mental image that remains after seeing a phone number flashed on the TV

28. Sensory Memory • Echoic memory – • A momentary auditory impression that remains after the sound is gone • Example:

29. Working/Short-Term Memory • Duration – Brief (30 sec or less) without active processing • Slightly longer for auditory info than visual info • Numbers better than letters • Capacity - Limited • Magic number Seven • Plus or minus 2 • The list of magic sevens

30. Long-Term Memory • Duration – • Capacity -

31. Types of Long Term Memory • Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory • Conditioned Memories • Explicit Memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Flashbulb Memories

32. Types of Long-Term Memory

33. Implicit Memories • Implicit/Procedural Memories – • Processed by and other brain areas • still intact with • Examples: • Conditioned Memories – • Example:

34. Explicit Memories • Explicit Memories – memories of facts and experiences, consciously recalled • Processed by • information is stored in the • are stored in • Infantile amnesia– • Hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to develop • Example:

35. Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories- • Example: • Semantic Memories – • Example:

36. Explicit Memories • Flashbulb • Facilitated by • Prolonged stress however, can inhibit memory formation by

37. Storing Memories Memory trace – memory is distributed acoss groups of neurons Long Term-Potentiation – physical basis for memory . • Increases synaptic firing potential of a neuron by increasing the number of receptors on the receiving neuron. • Neurons that fire together wire together…creating a memory. • Memory boosting drugs • CREB – increases proteins that make a cell more likely to keep a memory • Glutamate – enhances synaptic communication (LTP)

38. Amnesia • Amnesia – loss of memory • Retrograde Amnesia – inability to remember past events • Example • Alzheimer’s Patient Ronald Reagan • Anterograde Amnesia – inability to create new memories • Loss of Explicit Memory but not Implicit memories • Examples: • Clive wearing • 50 1st dates

39. Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called • Sensory Memories • Flashbulb Memories • State Dependent Memories • Mood Congruent Memories • Procedural Memories

40. Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. • Flashbulb • Sensory • Implicit • Explicit • Semantic

41. The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as • Explicit memory • Implicit memory • Long-term potentiation • Serial position effect • Infantile amnesia

42. Retrieval Recall Recognition you must identify the target from possible targets multiple-choice tests • you must retrieve the information from your memory • fill-in-the blank or essay tests

43. Recall • Who is this handsome fellow?

44. Recognition • A. Brad Pitt • B. Gordon Ramsay • C. Ryan Seacrest • D. Mike “The Situation” Sorentino

45. Recall • Who is this sweet-looking girl?

46. Recognition • A. Madonna • B. Katy Perry • C. Jenna Elfman • D. Jennifer Aniston

47. Recall • Who is this?

48. Recognition • A. Jennifer Lopez • B. Eva Longoria • C. Fergie • D. Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi

49. Ways to help you retrieve info • Relearning – learning material for the second time, saves time. • Example: Taking Psych in college should save you time for going to football games • Retrieval Cues – anchor points used to access target info for retrieval later • Example: Mnemonics, words, events places , emotions that trigger memory • Priming – unconscious activation of associations in memory • Example: See a rabbit and asked to spell hair, you spell hare

50. The Context Matters!!! • Mood Congruent Memory – recalling memories consistent with current mood • Example: When you break up with your girlfriend you think about all the other times you’ve been dumped • State Dependent Memory –learning that takes place in one physiological or situational "state" is generally better remembered later in a similar physiological state or situational state • Example: info learned when person is drunk is better recalled when person is drunk • Déjà vu – eerie sense that you’ve experienced something before • Example: When I saw the play Billy Elliot I had déjà vu …I thought I had seen it before