The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815)

1. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789-1815) Chapter 7

2. The French Revolution Begins Section 1

3. Learning Targets • I can explain the causes of the French Revolution • I can draw connections between the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and the French Revolution

4. Key Idea • Economic and social inequalities in the “Old Regime” helped cause the French Revolution

5. The Old Order in France • Old Order: • Social and political system in France • 3 Estates (social classes): • First Estate • Second Estate • Third Estate

6. First Estate • Small percentage of Population • Owned 10 Percent of land in France! • Mostly members of Roman Catholic Church

7. Second Estate • Two percent of population • Owned 20 Percent of land in France • Paid almost nothing in taxes • Mostly rich nobles

8. Third Estate • 97 Percent of Population! • Three Groups: • Bourgeoisie (Bur zhwah ZEE) • Middle Class • Well Educated and wealthy • Paid high taxes • No social privileges • Believed in Enlightenment ideas

9. Third Estate • Three Groups (cont’d): • The Workers • Received low wages • Paid high taxes • Often out of a job • Would attack food suppliers if they couldn’t afford food • The Peasants • 80 Percent of France’s population! • Paid half their income in taxes to the wealthy

10. The Forces of Change • Enlightenment Ideas: • Members of Third Estate were spreading these ideas; inspired by American Revolution • Economic Troubles: • Despite better production and trade, debt and cost of living was increasing

11. The Forces of Change • A Weak Leader: • Louis XVI (16th) was indecisive on these matters • Imposed taxes on Second Estate Nobles • Second Estate forced him to call a meeting called the Estates General

12. The Estates-General (1789) • An assembly of representatives from all three of France’s Estates met • First time since the middle ages • In years past, each Estate met separately and had ONE vote • Third Estate (97 Percent of population) didn’t like this • The other two estates could outvote them!

13. The Estates-General (1789) • The Bourgeoisie members of Third Estate wanted a National Assembly instead • Delegates from all Three Estates would meet together in one room instead of three • This would give Third estate huge advantage since they would have more delegates

14. The Estates-General (1789) • On June 17, 1789 the delegates of the Third Estate voted to create a National Assembly • This proclaimed an end to Absolute Monarchy in France • First act of Revolution • Three days later, Third Estate was locked out of their meeting room • Met in an indoor tennis court instead, promising not to leave until a new constitution was written • Became known as the “Tennis Court Oath”

15. Tennis Court Oath (1789)

16. King Louis XVI Reacts • Orders his mercenary Swiss guards to surround Versailles • People in Paris hear about this: • Start to gather weapons in fear of an attack on the city by Louis and his mercenary army • On July 14, 1789 a mob stormed a Paris prison called the Bastille, looking for weapons

17. Storming the Bastille • Mob took control of the prison • Killed many of its guards • Paraded around Paris with heads on pikes • Considered French version of our July 4th • Great symbol of revolution

18. The Great Fear • A panic spreads throughout France • Mobs attack nobles • Angry women, upset about the cost of bread in Paris, storm the palace of Versailles and demand the king and queen go to Paris to fix the problem. • The king and queen leave Versailles and never return!

19. What We Learned Today: • France was a country full of citizens who did not enjoy equal status • These inequalities led to the beginning of the French Revolution • How did the Enlightenment affect these changes towards revolution in France?

20. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Section 2

21. Learning Targets • I can explain the causes of the French Revolution • I can describe the government of France following the revolution.

22. Key Idea • The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power.

23. The National Assembly (1789) • Ends privileges of First and Second Estates • All French men received equal rights • Reduced power of Catholic Church (First Estate) • These laws divided revolutionary supporters • Some supported the church • Some supported the state

24. King Louis XVI • As the National Assembly assumed more power: • Louis became fearful for his life • He and his wife, Marie Antoinette, tried to escape to the countryside • They were caught, brought back to Paris, to live under guard night and day

25. The Legislative Assembly (1791) • The National Assembly drew up laws that gave the king and queen very little power • Soon, they handed over power to a new group: • The Legislative Assembly • This became divided • Some wanted to end the revolution • Some wanted more radical changes

26. Threats from Outside France • European countries feared the French Revolution would spread to their countries too • Many sent in troops to restore power to Louis XVI • The French people thought the king and queen were trying to help these soldiers • Mobs often attacked nobles in retaliation

27. The National Convention (1792) • Government takes strong steps to protect the country • Takes away all of king’s powers • New government, The National Convention, declared Louis a common citizen • Allowed them to put him to death! • Ordered thousands of French men into the army

28. The Guillotine

29. Death of Louis XVI

30. Maximilien Robespierre (1793) • Takes over rule of France • Made many changes to keep France safe • Took away a lot of rights and freedoms • Known as the “Reign of Terror” • Ended in 1794, when Robespierre was put to death • French people were tired of violence and wanted peace and stability • A new and strong leader would step in to provide this…

31. Napoleon’s Reign and Collapse Sections 3, 4, and 5

32. Learning Targets • I can explain the causes of the French Revolution • I can describe the government of France following the revolution

33. Key Idea Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France, invaded much or Europe, but they soon resisted and defeated Napoleon to restore peace and prosperity.

34. French Revolution and Reign of Terror

35. Napoleon’s Rise • France, 1795: • Napoleon led an army against Royalists who were attacking the National Convention • Hailed as a hero by the French people • France, 1799: • The people were unhappy with the government • Napoleon seizes power of the government using his army

36. Napoleon in Power • Other European nations fear him: • Send in armies to fight him • 1802, Napoleon wins and forces them into a peace agreement

37. Napoleon in Power • Focuses on improving the Revolution: • Made taxes more fair • Removed dishonest government workers • Created public schools • Gave church back some power • Gave all citizens same rights; but had fewer

38. Napoleon and French Territories • Sends troops to retake island of Haiti • Doesn’t work; has to order troops back • Gives up on the “New World” • Agrees to sell huge Louisiana Territory to Thomas Jefferson and the United States

39. Emperor Napoleon • 1804-1805: • Invades and conquers many European countries • They unite to fight against him • Napoleon’s major victory in Austria forces them into a peace agreement • Would have invaded Great Britain • The British Navy handed him his only defeat during this time!

40. The Dictatorship Begins Video

41. Napoleon’s Downfall • Three Causes: • Trying to defeat the British • Making his brother the king of Spain • Trying to conquer Russia

42. Trying to Defeat the British1806 • Napoleon became obsessed with defeating the British (1806) • Tried to boycott British goods and force others to do the same • Other European countries snuck them in anyways • The British blockaded most of Europe, weakening their economies

43. Making his ‘Bro the King of Spain1808 • The Spanish already had their own king! • They didn’t want one from France • The British sent troops to help the Spanish • Napoleon lost 300,000 men • That’s more troops than we have in Iraq and Afghanistan combined!

44. Trying to Conquer Russia1812 • Biggest mistake! • Sends 400,000 troops to invade Russia • Reach Moscow; but its deserted and on fire! • Orders them back home • No food or supplies for the journey • Russians attack them as they retreat • By the time they are out of Russia: • Only 10,000 troops are able to fight

45. Napoleon’s Downfall (cont’d) • Europe saw Napoleon as weak now and moved in to attack • Defeated in Germany in 1813 • Gives up throne in 1814, goes into exile • March, 1815: • Secretly returns to France, reclaims throne • Loses again at Battle of Waterloo in Belgium against the British • Forced into exile again, until he dies in 1821

46. The Congress of Vienna • With Napoleon defeated, European leaders came together in Vienna, Austria: • Make sure France could never attack again • Guarantee power within Europe was fairly shared and balanced • Put kings back in power in the native countries